Ecological Principles

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Ecological Principles
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Objectives

• Define Ecology
• Compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors
• Describe the three types of symbiosis

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ECOLOGY

• is the study of the interactions among organisms
  and their environment
• studied by an ecologist

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THE ENVIRONMENT
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• An organisms surroundings
• Composed of living (biotic) and nonliving
  (abiotic)things
• Biotic Factors humans, plants, birds, fungi,
  bacteria, protists
• Abiotic Factors water, light, temperature, air,
  soil

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LIVING RELATIONSHIPS
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• Describes the associations that organisms have
  with other organisms of a different species
  within the environment

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Symbiosis

• A relationship between organisms in which at
  least one of them benefits
• Three types of symbiosis in ecosystems are
  mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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Mutualism (, )

• Both species benefit
• from being in
• relationship with
• one another
• ex. honeybee
• flower

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Commensalism (, 0)

• One
  organism benefits
• while
  the other is
• 
  unaffected (neither
• helped
  nor harmed)
• Ex.
  robin in a tree

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Parasitism (, -)

• One organism benefits at
• the expense of the other
• One organism benefits,
• other harmed but not
• not killed
• Example
• deer tick on a deer

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Predation (, -)

• one organisms benefits
• by hunting, killing, and
• feeding on another
• organism
• AKA predator prey
• relationship
• 
  fox rabbit

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• predator organism that hunts, kills, and feeds
  off another
• prey organism that is hunted killed

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Competition

• Occurs when organisms in the same ecosystem are
  competing with each other for resources such as
  food, water, sunlight, and living spaces

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Objectives

• Describe plants and animals found in various
  biomes
• Identify the biome that we live in

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BIOMES
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• A large region that contains similar plant and
  animal ecosystems and is characterized by certain
  climate conditions.
• Biomes can be terrestrial (land) or aquatic
  (water).

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Terrestrial Biomes
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Temperate Deciduous Forest

• Trees (birch, oak, maple,
• elm) lose leaves in fall
• Animals such as bears,
• deer, rabbits, squirrels,
• many species of birds

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Coniferous Forest

• Cone shaped trees (fir,
• pine, spruce)
• Moose, bears, lynxes
• wolves
• Snow covered ground
• during long winters

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Tropical Rain Forest
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• Made up of tall trees with broad leaves that form
  a dense canopy of vegetation
• Animals include a wide variety of snakes,
  lizards, colorful birds, and many kinds of monkeys

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Grassland

• Made up of
• grasses plants
• that produce
• colorful flowers
• Called a prairie in
• U.S.

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• Has rich, fertile soil
• Well suited for growing crops
• Animals include bison, mice, and prairie dogs

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Desert
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• Arid or dry
• Very little yearly rainfall
• Vegetation sparse, consists of plants like cacti
• Animals include snakes, lizards, and jackrabbits

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Tundra
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• Very cold conditions
• Very little vegetation
• Contains permafrost (permanently frozen soil
  located underneath topsoil
• Animals include musk oxen wolves

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Aquatic Biomes

• Aquatic biomes can be freshwater or marine

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• Freshwater biomes include rivers, streams, lakes,
  ponds, and wetlands
• Wetlands are land
• areas that remain
• wet for all or part
• of the year.
• They include
• swamps marshes

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• Marine biomes consist of the oceans

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• Oceans have 4 distinct zones
• intertidal
• neritic
• oceanic
• benthic

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• Intertidal where ocean meets the land. Animals
  include shellfish birds
• Neritic numerous fishes, sea turtles, squids,
  coral reefs

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• Oceanic open ocean most of zone cold dark
  not much life. Fishes whales
• Benthic ocean floor bottom feeder animals like
  starfish, anemones, sponges