British Identities and European Citizenship ?????????????????????????

1
British Identities and European Citizenship
?????????????????????????
???? ?????????? ????
2
Keyword ?????

• British identity
• (????????????)
• Multiculturalism
• (?????)
• Liberal Democracy
• (???????)
• European Citizenship
• (????????????EU???)
• Transnational/Transcultural Perspectives
• ?????????????
• Creolization and mongrel
• ???????????
• Diaspora Phenomena
• ??????

3
Key Concept ????

• Exploring the compatibility of British identities
  with European citizenship is a mirror to reflect
  discrepancy and harmony of multiple identities in
  a multicultural civil society and it will be a
  point of departure for global citizenship and
  peaceful coexistence.
• (Nakamura2005)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

4
??????????????????????????????

• Being British is the ability to live in harmony
  with people of all nationalities with respect for
  the cultural roots of all those who choose to be
  or are British citizens.
• A student of Leeds University, UK (2005)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????

5
?????????????????????Bochun??????

• German national identity lies in history
  influenced by the past (World War II) and the
  lessons to learn from these events. Our identity
  is a strong awareness of historical
  responsibility.
• A student of Bochum University, Germany(2005)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

6
1 The fieldwork ????

• The interview and questionnaire for 100 British
  citizens including 46 students of Leeds
  University (students are from all parts of UK)
  took place between August 2004 and July 2005.
  The selection of the location is intended to
  reflect cultural, racial and ethnical diversity
  in Britain within the agreed framework
• 46???????????100???????????????????????
  2004?8???2005?8???????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• British Respondents and Interviewees (100)
  Gender male (51), female (49)??????(??51???49?)
• Questionnaire for 49 German university students
  were administered at Bochum University in
  Germany in May and June 2005.
• ???????(49?)???????????2005?6?

7
MethodologyThe Interview and Questionnaire
?????????????????

• 1. Major factors of British identities.
• ????????????????
• 2. What makes the British proud of UK?
• ??????????????
• 3. Awareness of a European citizen.
• ?????????????????
• 4. The Constitution of EU EU??????
• 5. EU integration EU?????????
• 6. British Sterling (pound)?????????

8
Graph 1 Age Group????????????????
9
Graph 2 Occupation????????????
10
2 What is identity? ????????????

• The term identity suggests that something is
  identified, in other words, that it is made or
  considered identical to something else.
• 
  Chimisso (2003)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? Chimisso (2003)

11
????????????????????????21???????????????????????
??????????????????????

• We can clarify identity by means of answering one
  of the questions What are we? or What make us
  human? or What makes me who I am? involved in
  different cultures and value systems.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????

12
3 National Identity ??????????????

• National identity is one of the most discussed,
  but least understood concepts of the late 20th
  century. It is of considerable relevance, with
  allegiance to state identity, citizenship or
  nationality under threat not only from the rise
  of different national identities within states,
  but also by the growth of systems (such as the
  European Union) that seek to encompass a
  plurality of states (McCrone, 1998).
• ??????????????????????????????????????????EU??????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????

13
Stuart Hall ???????????????

• A shared national identity thus depends on the
  cultural meanings, which bind each member
  individually into the larger national story. Even
  so-called civic states, like Britain, are
  deeply embedded in specific ethnic or cultural
  meanings, which give the abstract ideal of the
  nation its live content. (Hall 199914).
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????(??)?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

14
Three patterns of National Identity????????????3?
????

• Culture and ethnicity-based national identities
• ???????????????????? common and shared culture,
  customs, tradition, cultural, ethnical and local
  heritage, language, ancestry, myths, symbols,
  emotional bond, common language, common history
  and destiny
• Sovereignty-based national identities
• ????????????????
• national sovereignty, national loyalty, national
  army, national borders, national autonomy and
  independence
• Citizenship-based national identities
• ??????????????????
• legitimized and entitled citizenships,
  fundamental human rights, fair representation,
  voting rights, social justice and regulation,
  residence, social welfare and freedom of
  expression and religion

15
4 Historically the British have been
mongrel.????????????????? ?????

• 1 ??????(AD43-410)??????????
• ??????Roman British??????
• 2 ????????? (Danes) ???????????
• ?865????????????????????
• ??????????????????
• 3 1066?????????Normandy?(?????
• ??????????????? (William
• Conqueror 1066-87)??????????????
• ???????????????
• 4 ???1066?????????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????

16
(No Transcript)
17
Roman British (Britannia) AD 43
18
Roman Britain AD 410
19
Settlements of Angles Saxons and Jutes in Britain
in 600
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
?????????????

• 5 ?????????16??????20???????????
  1760???????????????????????????7??????????????????
  3??2??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????53????????????????
  ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????(??????)??
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???

24
The British Empire 16th-20th Century

• The British Empire, established over the course
  of three centuries, began in the late 16th
  century with chartered commercial ventures in
  sugar and tobacco plantations, slave trading, and
  missionary activities in North America and the
  Caribbean Islands. During the late 19th and early
  20th centuries, the British Empire reached the
  height of its power, ruling over large parts of
  Africa, Asia, and North America.

25
British Empire in Early 20th Century
26
(No Transcript)
27
???????????????? Creolization

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???creolization ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????interracial
  marriage????????????

28
????Mongrel ?Diaspora

• ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????Diaspora ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

29
5 British Identities ????????????

• Multi-ethnic Britain vs. Anglo-Saxon Britain
• ????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• ????????????????????

30
???????????????????????3???? ?

• ?1????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????

31
???????????????????????3???? ?

• ?2????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

32
???????????????????????3???? ?

• ?3????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????EU???????????????????????????
  ????????

33
British and European Social Attitudes the 15th
report (1998)

• In Britain, for instance, cultural
  heritage(????), English language(??), British
  history(?????), euro-skepticism(EU???) and
  the Commonwealth (????)are often regarded as a
  reflection of British national identities.
• According to British and European Social
  Attitudes the 15th report (1998), the British are
  proud of their history(??), armed forces(???) and
  science and technology (????)and they are least
  proud of economic performance.(???) It is
  interesting to know that Germans are least proud
  of their armed forces today.(???????)

34
Graph 3 The three most important factors of
British identities for 100 British citizens
??????????????
35
Graph 4 The three most important factors of
British identities for 46 Leeds students
??????????????????????
36
Voices on the British identities from different
walks of life interviewed by the writer in 2004
and 2005 in UK. ????

• British are people who are not afraid to stand
  up for what they believe in. We prefer to discuss
  our problems rather than use military force.
  Military force is only a last resort. I believe
  our prime minister, Blair is a good leader for
  our country and he makes me very proud to be
  British.
• (Irish British, Male, 22, Students, Manchester)

37
Voices

• The British are strong independent people of a
  small island, who feel we are at the forefront of
  politics and economics.
• (English, female, 57, home-maker, Banbury,
  Oxfordshire)
• Personally I feel that people are people first.
  Strong national identities cause conflicts. Being
  British is not something I feel proud of as
  British has a history of colonization and slavery
  etc. (English, male, 45, postgraduate, artist,
  Leeds, Yorkshire)

38
Voices

• People in Britain are very proud of their region
  and there exists a fierce rivalry between the
  nations that comprise the UK. However, overriding
  all of this is a sense of unity and belonging to
  a larger entity. The people of Britain have a
  strong national identity because we are an island
  nation, and also because of the immense power
  Britain has in international affairs despite
  being such a small nation.
• (Welsh, male, 20, University student, London)

39
Voices

• British are independent people and we show a
  sense of national identity only on special
  occasions such as in wars, natural disasters.
  (Irish, female, 62, retired pensioner,
  Lancashire)
• British identities are belief in fair play, good
  manners, being a gentleman, and having a spirit
  of generosity and helping hands. (English, male,
  68, retired soldier and teacher, Woore,
  Shropshire)

40
Graph 5 What makes the British people proud of
UK? (Tick three factors.)
41
Parekh (2000) argues in The future of
Multi-ethnic Britain

• Parekh (2000) argues in The future of
  Multi-ethnic Britain that they can develop as a
  community of citizens and communities in which
  difference and diversity are welcomed and
  celebrated. The second of those options would,
  the report argues, require radical changes in
  British society, which would include
• developing a balance between cohesion, equality
  and difference ??????????????????
• addressing and eliminating all forms of
  racism??????rethinking the national story and
  national identity
• reducing material inequalities?????????
• understanding that all identities are in a
  process of transition?????????????????????
• building a pluralistic human rights culture
• ??????????????????????
• (Parekh 2000)

42
6. European Identities ???????????????

• What is the entity of the European Union? The six
  most important notions for the European Union are
  liberal democracy, mobility, residence, language,
  economy and human rights. These factors are
  parallel in direction with instrumental
  consideration in the EU, that is, the common
  currency, efficient economy and the right of free
  movement and residence protected by liberal
  democracy.
• EU?????????????????EU????????????????????????????E
  U????????????

43
A process of forming European identities

• In the West, the more people become aware of
  cultural and national identities in interacted
  and diversified cultural contexts, the more
  people tend to confront, share, accept and
  integrate dual and multiple identities.
• ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
• As a result, they become more interested in
  exploring the possibility of sharing several
  layers of identities in shared cultures in order
  to reconcile themselves for coexistence and
  instrumental benefits. ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

44
A process of forming European identities

• Therefore it can be said that the process of
  confronting, sharing, accepting and integrating
  dual and multiple cultural/national identities in
  Europe is a process of forming European
  identities.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????
• Mancini (1998) and Weiler (1999) state that civic
  theory stresses the development of identities
  around agreement overrules for peaceful political
  co-existence, shared cultural norms, and common
  beliefs.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????

45
??????????????????????? ???????????????????
Appiah(1994)

• The more we have been involved in and have
  absorbed different cultures in our social life,
  the more tolerant and generous we become to other
  cultures. As a result we will be able to
  reconcile ourselves to accept dual and multiple
  cultural identities. It is self-evident that, as
  Appiah (1994) states, modern nations are moving
  in the direction of a multicultural society. It
  is a multicultural society that respects and
  accepts dual, plural and multiple identities.
• ?????????????????????????????????????

46
What makes British University Students and German
students proud of each country????????????????????
??????

• Among 46 British students, more than half of them
  answered multiculturalism (76.09) (n35)(?????),
  liberal democracy (47.83) (n22)(???????),
  English pound (32.61) (n15)(???????) and social
  welfare 23.9 (n11)(????).
• It is interesting to compare the responses of 46
  Leeds University students to the questionnaire
  with those of 49 German students of Bochum
  University in 2005. German students of Bochum
  University are very proud of their social welfare
  (67.47) (n33), liberal democracy (61.22)
  (n30) and multiculturalism (55.1) (n27).

47
British and German students responses to the
European Integration and being European citizens.
???????????EU???EU?????????????

• Regarding European integration, 56.52 (n26) of
  British students of Leeds University want Britain
  to be part of integrated Europe. Surprisingly
  enough, 71.74 (n33) of Leeds students feel
  themselves to be European citizens. 65.22 (n30)
  of them think themselves as both British and
  European citizens with some of them being
  strongly aware of European citizen (23.91)
  (n11).
• It is again interesting to know that 91.84
  (n45) German students of Bochum University feel
  themselves to be a European citizen and 91.84
  (n45) of them want German to be part of an
  integrated Europe.

48
Graph 6 What makes 46 British students of Leeds
University proud of UK?

49
Graph7 What makes 49 German students of Bochum
Univ. proud of Germany?
50
To the question Do you think of yourself as
European? Year 10 pupils in different countries
and of different ethnic origins gave different
answers, as shown in Table 1.

• Table1. Do you think of yourself as European?
• Not at all () Only partly
  () Yes, totally ()
• England 39.8 41.6
  18.6
• France 17.4 41.0
  41.6
• Germany 10.5 26.3
  62.6
• Italy 4.3 41.0
  54.7
• Netherlands 2.6 7.0
  90.4
• Spain 6.4 25.1
  68.4
• (Convery et
  al., 1997, pp.32, 31)

51
6. European Citizenship

• Citizenship can be understood as being more
  closely related to shared human rights and civic
  duties. It is also related to economic and
  political benefits. As a result people sometimes
  could support regional integration beyond culture
  and national border.
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????

52
The Preamble of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
of the Union in the Constitution of the European
Union (2004) EU ?????????

• The peoples of Europe, in creating an ever closer
  union among them, are resolved to share a
  peaceful future based on common values.
• Conscious of its spiritual and moral heritage,
  the Union is founded on the indivisible,
  universal values of human dignity, freedom,
  equality and solidarity it is based on the
  principles of democracy and the rule of law. It
  places the individual at the heart of its
  activities, by establishing the citizenship of
  the Union and by creating an area of freedom,
  security and justice.
• The Union contributes to the preservation and to
  the development of these common values while
  respecting the diversity of the cultures and
  traditions of the people of Europe as well as the
  national identities of the Member States and the
  organization of their public authorities at
  national, regional and local levels it seeks to
  promote balanced and sustainable development and
  ensures free movement of persons, services,
  goods, and capital, and the freedom of
  establishment.
• To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the
  protection of fundamental rights in the light of
  changes in society, social progress and
  scientific and technological development by
  making those rights more visible in a Charter

53
Article Eight of the Treaty for European Union
the rights of citizenship that are granted
within the Treaty for European Union (TEU)

• Article Eight of the Treaty for European Union
  states that Every person holding the nationality
  of a Member State shall be a citizen of the
  Union, and then goes on in a series of
  sub-clauses to detail the rights of citizenship
  that are granted within the Treaty for European
  Union (TEU)
• the right of freedom of movement within the
  territory of all member states
• the right to reside in any country of the Union
• the right to work in any member state, although
  subject to certain national restrictions
• the right to vote and stand as a candidate in
  municipal and European elections, subject to the
  qualifications demanded of nationals of the state
  in question, in the country of residence
• the right to have academic and/or vocational
  qualifications recongnised throughout the Union.
• The right to parity of provision for welfare
  benefits
• The right, when traveling outside the Union, to
  diplomatic or consular assistance from the
  Embassy or Consulate of any member state
• The right to receive pension entitlement in
  whichever state the pensioner is resident, at a
  rate equal to that paid in the country where the
  entitlement was earned
• The right to petition the European Parliament, to
  resort to legal action in the European Court of
  Justice or to apply to the Ombudsman.
• (The rights of citizenship in the
  Treaty for European Union)

54
The European educational initiatives

• The Youth for Europe scheme is a simple
  exchange program whereby young people between
  the ages of fifteen and twenty-five can extend
  their knowledge of the EU by going to live in
  another member country for a time.
• The European Exchange Program for Young Workers
  is, as the name suggests, intended to allow
  young workers in the first ten years of their
  working lives to gain work experience or to
  follow a course of training in another EU member
  state.
• Erasmus is the established project for
  encouraging exchange and mobility among EU member
  states for students in the university sector. The
  program is also intended to encourage the
  provision of courses in European studies on the
  part of colleges and universities as well as
  encouraging a pan-European perspectives in
  existing disciplines.
• Comett is a project intended to improve
  technical training, especially in the new
  technologies, by placing students and young
  workers in firms and research establishments in
  other member countries.
• There are a number of schemes to promote
  education and training in specific fields such as
  science and economics, including the Lingua
  Program intended to improve the teaching of
  languages and the Petra Programs for improving
  vocational training.

55
Graph 10 Do you think of yourself as a European
citizen?
56
Graph 11 Do you think yourself as both British
and European citizen?
57
7 Euro-Skepticism and Europhiles?????????????????
????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??EU??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????EU?????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

58
EU??? (Jewish British, male, 53, Businessman,
Harrogate, Yorkshire)

• Europeans have been fighting repeatedly in the
  European Continent for many years and they know
  how to compromise and reconcile themselves
  tactfully. That is the result of the European
  Union. The Britain has not been invaded and
  conquered since 1066. We British have
  consistently kept our culture and tradition away
  from Europe. We have been independent and nobody
  can tell us what to do. We are proud of our
  traditional culture and our own sovereignty and
  we should keep them.

59
EU??? (English, male, 68, retired High School
teacher Woore, Shropshire)

• It is not a bad thing for Britain to be a member
  state of the European Union. However, I am
  strongly against the European control over the
  British domestic and international policies. The
  members of European Commission are not fairly
  elected but are appointed. This is a serious
  problem and it does not reflect the fair
  representation of the member states.
  

60
Graph 8 Do you think Britain keeps the pound as
the only currency for Britain?
61
EU??? (Irish, male, 23, University Student,
Manchester)

• I think European integration is very important
  to Britain. I think Britain should take a
  leadership in EU in terms of strong economy and
  cultural diversity. I respect Tony Blair and
  support the Labor Party. I live in Manchester but
  I am very proud of being Irish. I think myself as
  a European citizen, too.

62
EU??? (Scottish, male, 22, University Student,
Scotland)

• I am proud of Scottish cultural heritage. I am
  proud of being Scottish. But I feel myself as a
  European, too. Britain is an influential member
  of the Union. I think the Britain should play a
  key role in European parliament without losing
  British identities.

63
EU??? (IrishEnglish, female, 57, high school
teacher, Newport, Shropshire)

• I think Britain is a multicultural society and I
  am proud of it. I also think Britain should take
  a key role in European Union as a multicultural
  nation. In the future all the color of British
  faces will be the same.

64
Graph 9 Do you think Britain to be part of an
integrated Europe?
65
???EU??????

• ???EU????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????47?EU?????
  ????32?????????????????56.5???????????????????EU
  ???????????????????2005?5???????EU????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????12????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

66
9. The Compatibility of British Identities with
European Citizenships ??????????????EU???????????

• EU???????(EU???)??????????????????????????????????
  ?????EU??????????????????????????????????EU???????
  ?EU???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????3?????EU??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????

67
??????????????????????????????

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????8???????????????4
  ?????????????????

68
The Compatibility of British Identities with
European Citizenships

• The coherence between the integrated European
  societies and British society today is that both
  contexts can share multi-ethnic and multicultural
  orientation, where both European citizens and
  British citizens can take pride in multicultural
  and ethnical diversity in liberal democracy.
  Diagram 1 describes the structure of the shared
  context of British identities and European
  Citizens.

69
The Diagram 1 The Structure of the Shared
Context of British Identities and European
Citizens
70
In Romano Prodis speech to the College of
Europe, Bruges, 12 November 2001. The President
of the European Commission emphasizes as follows

• Europe has the resources and capacity to
  become a global player in the search for a new
  multipolar balance in the new centuryAlthough
  each country has its own particular
  characteristics, European societies share a
  vision of human rights and the rights and
  duties of citizens and institutions that is based
  on a sense of solidarity What does it mean to be
  European today, in Europe and the world? Trying
  to answer that question in practical deeds and
  proposals has been the guiding principle of our
  work. Europe is at turning point in its history.

71
???EU??

• EU???????????????????????????????????38?????????
  34??????????????????EU???????????????????50??EU?
  ??????????2005?6????????????EU????????????????????
  ????EU????????????????????1066????????????????????
  ???????????????????????EU?????????????????EU??????
  ???????????????EU??????????????????EU?????????????
  ????????????????

72
Graph 12 Do you agree to the EU Constitution?
73
Conclusion

• The writer has reexamined the entity of British
  identities in terms of cultural and national
  perspectives by exploring the compatibility of
  the British identities with European citizenship
  within the framework of the European Union as a
  lesson of the increased globalized the world. The
  conclusion is that there is sufficient
  compatibility between British identities and
  European citizenship and we could confirm that
  the increasing trend of multicultural and
  multi-ethnical British citizens will be more open
  and positive towards the United Europe. It is a
  matter of time that British people will find the
  convergence of British citizenship and
  citizenship of the European Union in terms of
  multicultural diversity, fundamental human
  rights, social welfare, European philanthropy and
  solidarity for developing countries in the common
  philosophy of liberal democracy. The
  compatibility of British identities with European
  citizenship is a mirror to reflect discrepancy
  and harmony of multiple identities in a
  multicultural civil society and it will be a
  lesson for every nation and government.

74
???

• ???????????????1??12???????????????????EU????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????E
  U?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????

75

• ????????????????????????????????????????????2004??
  European Integration Online Papers (EIOP)
  ?????38?????????????????????????????????????????(
  ????????????????????????)58??????????????????????
  ??????

76

• ???????????????????????? ??????????(dual
  identities) ????????58?????????dual
  identities????????????????????????71?????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????

77

• ????Bochum ????????????????????????????????????91.
  84???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????EU??
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78

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  U???????????????????2005?5???????EU???????????????
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  ???????????????????????????

79

• ????EU???????????????????????????????????38??????
  ???34??????????????????EU???????????????????50??
  EU???????????2005?6????????????EU?????????????????
  ???????EU????????????????????1066?????????????????
  ??????????????????????????EU?????????????????EU???
  ??????????????????EU??????????????????EU??????????
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80
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81
???????????????????????????????????????????????

• 21????????????????????????????????????????????????
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82

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