Civil Rights Movement 1954-1968

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Civil Rights Movement 1954-1968

• "It can be said of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
  that, short of a declaration of war, no other act
  of Congress had a more violent background - a
  background of confrontation, official violence,
  injury, and murder."

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• What happens to a dream deferred?
• Does it dry up
• like a raisin in the sun?
• Or fester like a sore
• and then run?
• Does it stink like rotten meat?
• Or crust and sugar over
• like a syrupy sweet?
• Maybe it just sags like a heavy load
• Or does it explode? Langston Hughes

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Jim Crow Laws
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Executive Order 9981
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Stirrings of a New Movement

• CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
• What were their goals?
• How are they different from NAACP?

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Brown vs. Board of Education May 1954

• Does segregation of children in public school
  solely on the basis of racedeprive the children
  of the minority group of equal educational
  opportunities? We believe that it doesto
  separate them solely because of their race
  generates of feeling inferiority as to their
  status in the community that may affect their
  hearts and minds in way unlikely to ever be
  undone.
• Chief Justice Earl Warren, argued by Thurgood
  Marshall

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Murder of Emmett Till
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The only tired I was, was tired of giving in.
Rosa Parks
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Fight to end city bus segregation
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The Montgomery Bus BoycottDecember 1955

• There comes a time when people get tiredof
  being segregated and humiliated, tired of being
  kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression.
  We have no alternative but to protest.
• - Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Little Rock School Integration 1957

• In the present case the troops are there,
  pursuant to law, solely for the purpose of
  preventing interference with the orders of the
  Court. President Eisenhower

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The Philosophy of Passive Resistance

• Through nonviolence, courage displaces fear.
  Love transcends hate. Acceptance dissipates
  prejudice hope ends despair. Peace dominates
  war. Justice for all overthrows injustice.
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
  founding statement

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Sit Ins Greensboro Four first to start this
movement
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Swim ins
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Martin Luther King, Jr

• What qualities does he have that makes he such a
  well known figure of the movement of passive
  resistance?

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Freedom Rides 1961

• The goal of the Freedom Riders was for a mix of
  white and African American people to ride buses
  through the Deep South, where interstate bus
  segregation was illegally enforced, in a hope to
  be arrested and therefore forcing the Justice
  Department to enforce laws opposing segregation.
  Images like the next one of the burned bus,
  helped create sympathy for the non-violent
  Freedom Riders and their cause.

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Bull Connor Childrens March in Birmingham,
Alabama 1963

• As the Public Safety Commissioner of Birmingham,
  Alabama, in the 1960s, Bull Connor became a
  symbol of bigotry. He infamously fought against
  integration by using fire hoses and police attack
  dogs against protest marchers. His aggressive
  tactics backfired when the spectacle of the
  brutality being broadcast on national television
  served as one of the catalysts for major social
  and legal change in the South and helped in large
  measure to assure the passage by the US Congress
  of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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James Meredith 1962
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March on Washington - 1963

• He has seen little children stand up against
  dogs, pistol packing policemen and pressure
  hoses, and they kept on coming, wave after wave.
  So the white man is afraid. He is afraid of his
  own conscience.
• Congressman Adam Powell

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• Civil Rights Act of 1964

a direct result of a decade of passive
resistance
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Selma Marches for Voting Right 1965

• The Selma to Montgomery marches were three
  marches in 1965 that marked the political and
  emotional peak of the American Civil Rights
  movement. The call was to call attention to
  voting rights. The first march took place on
  March 7, 1965 "Bloody Sunday" when 600
  marchers were attacked by state and local police
  with clubs and tear gas. The second march took
  place on March 9.
• Only the third march, which began on March 21 and
  lasted five days, made it to Montgomery, 54 miles
  away.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965What restrictions did
this law remove at the polls and how did it
protect the African American right to vote?
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Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated in Memphis,
Tennessee April 4, 1968
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Black Power Movement Emerges
Malcolm X Blacks should separate from white
society Stokely Carmichael in order to
understand white supremacy we must dismiss the
fallacious notion that white people can give
anybody their freedom. No man can give anybody
his freedom. A man is born free. country does.
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What tactics and philosophy were behind the move
away from a decade of non violent protest?
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Essential Question

• To what extent were non-violent protests
  effective in accomplishing their goals?
• In what ways did the advent of television help
  the movement?