The Human Respiratory System

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The Human Respiratory System

• BY Ewelina Biega
• Tristan Erlenbaugh
• Megan Bartoszewski

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The Breathing System
This system allows Oxygen to enter the body. The
oxygen is given to the blood, which is then
carried to the rest of the body.
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Pharynx

• Air enters the body trough the nose. Here it is
  warmed, filtered, and passed through the nasal
  cavity. The air then passes the pharynx. This
  is the passageway between the mouth and the
  esophagus and trachea. Food leaves the pharynx
  to the esophagus. The air passes from this to
  the trachea. It is covered with a mucus membrane
  and ends below the tongue.

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Larynx

• This is a hollow structure between the trachea
  and pharynx. It carries air to and from the
  lungs. Its important function is to prevent
  choking. The epiglottis,an elastic thin
  structure, stays upright when we breath, but once
  swallowing begins, it drops like a lid over the
  larynx and directs the food to either side.
  Closing the vocal chords also helps to protect
  the air passage.

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Diaphragm

• During inhalation the diaphragm contracts and
  flattens. The intercostal muscles contract to
  raise the rib cage. This increases the volume of
  the chest, which results in a drop in air
  pressure. This causes air to rush into the
  lungs. When we exhale the muscles in the chest
  wall release, dropping the ribs and pulling them
  inward. The diaphragm moves upward making the
  chest cavity smaller,and forces the air out.

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Trachea
-Connects the mouth and nose to the lungs -Also
called the windpipe -Only air goes down your
trachea. Food and drinks go down a different
tube. -Special flap goes over trachea when you
are eating so that the food doesnt go down
it. -Sometimes the flap doesnt cover the
trachea well enough and food gets down your
trachea, and thats why you start coughing. It
is your lungs trying to get rid of the
food. -It splits into 2 branches called your
bronchi. -It is hard and has small rings going
around it in the front of your neck.
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Bronchioles
An artificial tube

• These are the small airways in the lungs.
  Bronchi are short tubes that carry the air from
  the trachea into the lungs. Bronchi branch off
  into smaller segments called bronchioles. Their
  job is to carry the air over a large area as
  quickly as possible.

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Alveolus

• Tiny air sacs found at the end of each
  bronchiole.
• Look like grapes
• Necessary for gas exchange.
• Site of gas exchange between blood and air
• Permeable membrane
• They cover the surface are of a tennis court (
  can take in a lot of air)
• About 600 million per person
• Surrounded by capillaries (microscopic blood
  vessels)

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Lungs

• Main organ of the Respiratory system.
• Bronchioles and alveoli are found in the lungs.
• During inhalation they expand and lift the ribs.
• During exhalation they contract.
• Two lungs
• Right lung has 2 lobes
• Left lung has 3 lobes
• About 300 million alveoli are found in each lung.
• Take in air and release carbon dioxide

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Respiration

• Once air is inhaled it goes through the
  bronchioles and into the alveoli.
• The alveoli now have a high concentration of
  oxygen.
• Capillaries, microscopic veins that surround the
  alveoli, have a high concentration of carbon
  dioxide.
• The membranes of these parts are permeable and
  the oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and the
  carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.

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• Now that the alveoli are filled with carbon
  dioxide, the lungs let the carbon out through
  exhalation.
• Most oxygen that just filled the capillaries
  attaches to
• the iron center of a hemoglobin molecule. The
  rest go into the plasma.
• The hemoglobin molecule now goes to the heart and
  gets pumped through the veins and delivers the
  oxygen to all cells of the body.
• The hemoglobin also picks up carbon dioxide
  which is a waste product of the cells, and goes
  back to the capillaries to do the same process
  over again.
• This all happens as we inhale and exhale.

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Example Of Respiration
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Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Bronchiectasis is caused by various types of
  infections which damage and weaken the bronchial
  walls and interfere with the action of the cilia.
  Cilia are hair-like things that help keep bad
  things out.People get this disease by various
  congenital or inherited deficiencies such as
  immunological deficiency or cystic fibrosis. The
  main symptom is a cough. This cough comes
  regularly. Treatment of this disease is to
  prevent the complications of pneumonia and blood
  spitting and to allow people with this condition
  to live as normal a life as possible. This
  disease it much less common now.

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Lung Cancer
Usually starts in the lining of the
bronchi. Believed to develop over a period of
many years. Nearly all lung cancer are
carcinomas, a cancer that begins in lining or
covering tissues of an organ. The tumor cells of
each type of lung cancer grow and spread
differently. Each type requires a different
treatment. More then 95 of lung cancers belong
to a group called bronchogenic carcinoma. Smoking
is the leading cause of lung cancer.
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Asthma
5 of population in the U.S. live with
asthma. Disease that is characterized by
increased responsiveness of the trachea
(windpipe) and bronchi (main airway) to some
type of trigger that causes widespread narrowing
of the airways that changes in severity either as
a result of treatment, or spontaneously. Acute
asthma a.k.a. an asthma attack is when the
bronchial tubes suddenly narrow, and the person
is short of breath, and sometimes wheezes. An
acute attack may require medical stabilization in
the hospital unless special equipment,
medication, and help is available in the home.
Chronic asthma produces symptoms on a frequent
basis, in some cases everyday constantly. It is
characterized by frequent symptoms, ranging from
very mild symptoms to full-blown acute attacks.
Chronic asthma generally requires daily
medication, and may require the use of oral
steroids, in addition to other medications.
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Tuberculosis

• Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal and
  infectious disease caused by bacteria. It is
  contracted by breathing in sneezed or coughed air
  of an infected person. Once the bacteria reaches
  the alveoli it settles and damages the tissue.
  Tissue damage is actually caused by a reaction to
  the bacteria. This may progress to large amounts
  of damaged tissue. Tuberculosis is treatable and
  curable, but scientists havent even come close
  to wiping it out. Symptoms include a cough,
  green or yellow spit in the morning, in time
  blood with the spit, chest pain, loss of weight,
  low fever, night sweats, and difficulty
  breathing. In bad cases surgery may be needed to
  repair a damaged lung.

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Respiratory System Damage Prevention

• The air we breath in is very important to our
  health. As the years go on the world gets more
  and more polluted. If people continue to breath
  in toxins, they will get sick and die earlier
  than they were supposed to. Organizations exist
  that try to prevent air pollution and keep people
  healthier. They are the Sierra Club, Air
  Pollution Control Association, America Lung
  Association, American Cancer Society, American
  Public Health Association, and the American
  Association for Respiratory Therapy. This is not
  only a problem certain countries have to worry
  about but the entire world has to work on
  improving the quality of the air since air moves
  freely. In Brazil gasohol is used instead of
  gasoline because it produces less toxins. Japan
  has a strict law that every factory has to use
  the latest technology available to keep the air
  clean. The United Nations Health Organization
  studies disease, monitors air cleanliness,
  reports problems and has goals and achievements.

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The End

• A System You Cant Live Without

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Bibliography cont.
Bruun, Bertel, and ruth Dowling bruun. The Human
Body, New YorkRandom House,1982 Holleb, Arthur
I. The American Cancer Society Cancer Book. New
YorkDoubleday Company, Inc.,
1986 Silverstein, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein,
and Robert Silverstein. The Respiratory System.
New York Twenty-First Century Books,
1994. Silverstein Nunn, Laura, Alvin
Silverstein, and Virginia Silverstein. Asthma.
Sprinfield Enslow, Inc., 1997 Kittredge, Mary.
The Respiratory System. Philadelphia Chelsea
House, 2000. Nagel, Rob. Body By Design. Ed.
Betz De Chenes. Vol. 2. Detroit U X L an Imprint
of the Gale Group, 2000.
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