Infectious Diseases, Bloodborne Pathogens, and Universal Precautions'

1
Infectious Diseases, Bloodborne Pathogens, and
Universal Precautions.

• Chapter 14

2
What are bloodborne pathogens?

• A clean and sterile environment is VIP
• Must take precautions to prevent disease
  transmission
• A lot of contact in the athletic environment
• Disease causing microorganisms
• Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi
• Present in blood and other body fluids
• Semen, vaginal secretions, cerbrospinal fluid,
  synovial fluid, and any fluid contaminated with
  blood
• Direct vs. indirect transmission
• How do pathogens enter the body?

3
Infection and immunity

• Stages of infection
• Incubation
• Prodromal stage
• Acute stage
• Decline stage
• Recovery stage

• Immune system
• Mechanical defenses
• Cellular defenses
• Antigens
• Leukocytes
• Macrophages
• Natural immunity
• Acquired immunity
• Common immunizations
• Types of outbreaks

4
(No Transcript)
5
Hepatitis B

• Stronger/durable than HIV
• High probability of spreading
• Can live on surface for 7 days
• Causes swelling, soreness, and decreased liver
  function
• Flu-like symptoms, fatigue, weakness, nausea,
  abdominal pain, headache, fever, jaundice
• Possible to spread without showing signs
• Positive blood test in 2-6 weeks 85 recover
• Vaccine available (3 innoculations)
• OSHA mandated workplace availability in 1991

6
(No Transcript)
7
Human immunodeficiency virus

• Caused by a family of retroviruses
• Decreases disease fighting effectiveness
• Estimated 40 million carriers (and RISING)
• Symptoms transmitted through fluid contact (sex,
  needle, transfusion)
• Fatigue, weight loss, muscle/joint pain, swollen
  glands, fever
• Antibodies detected within 3 months-1 year
• Can go 8-10 years without symptoms
• AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• No protection against opportunistic infections
  and/or cancers
• No vaccine or cure
• Best prevention is EDUCATION

8
HIV virus up close and personal
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
Oceania lt0.5
Americas 5
Europe 10.6
Asia 7
Europe 2
USA 5
Oceania lt1
USA 34.8
Asia 5.5
Africa 81
Excluding USA
Africa 35.5
Americas 13.1
15
Eastern Europe Central Asia 270,000 (0.8)
Western Europe 500,000 (1.5)
North America 890,000 (2.7)
East Asia Pacific 560,000 (1.7)
Caribbean 330,000 (1)
North Africa Middle East 210,000 (0.6)
South South East Asia 6.7 million (20)
Latin America 1.4 million (4.2)
Sub-Saharan Africa 22.5 million (67)
Australasia 12,000 (lt0.1)
16
Blood and athletics

• Minimal risk of on-field transmission of HIV (no
  validated reports)
• Higher risk in sports with close contact
• Most leagues have rules governing blood on the
  field
• HIV positive athletes no clear participation
  answer
• Avoid fluid contact
• Heavy exercise may lead to decreased immune
  response
• ADA precludes discrimination
• Testing for HIV mandatory testing as screening
  tool illegal
• Encourage athletes with high-risk behaviors to be
  tested
• Testing at 6 weeks, 3 months, 1 year
  post-exposure
• High-risk workers tested every year

17
Universal precautions

• OSHA guidelines protect patient and worker
• Athletes should cover all open wounds before
  practice
• When bleeding happens on the field
• NCAA and USOC rules
• Remove from field
• Control bleeding
• Change bloody uniforms
• Cover wound

• Personal protective equipment
• Gloves, gowns, aprons, masks, etc.
• Wear when treating patient or handling biohazard
  material
• Double glove for sharps or heavy bleeding
• Wash hands before and after donning gloves
• Coaches and ATCs must have yearly training

18
Biohazardous material

• OSHA mandates use of bleach,
  antiseptics, and marked
  containers
• Biohazard label on all
  containers, red bags,
  
  and refrigerators
• Contaminated surfaces cleaned with 110
  bleach/water solution or EPA-approved solution
• Put sharps in plastic/marked container
• Always use gloves
• Contaminated laundry Separated from other
  laundry and washed in HOT water for 25 mintues
• Post-exposure complete medical exam, blood
  test, counseling

19
Skin wounds

• Wound any break in the continuity of tissue
• Skin has 2 layers dermis and epidermis
• Classified by force that causes them
• Treat all wounds as if they are contagious
• Focus box 8-4 (clean, medicate, dressed)
• Tetanus bacteria causes lockjaw, fever, and
  convulsions
• Enters the wound as a spore and acts on the motor
  end plate of the CNS
• Initial vaccination in childhood with boosters
  every 10 years

20
Abrasion
21
Laceration
22
Incision
23
Puncture
24
Avulsion
25
Amputation