Kajian literatur dan format rujukan

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Kajian literatur dan format rujukan

• Jabatan Sistem Maklumat
• FSKSM

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Kandungan dalam Bab 2

• 2.1 Pengenalan
• 2.2 Topik-topik yg berkaitan dgn kajian yg
  dilakukan / dikaitkan dgn projek anda
• 2.2.1 mmmmm
• 2.3 nnnnn
• 2.3.1 ooooo
• 2.4 Ringkasan

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Kajian literatur

• Melaporkan kajian yang telah diterbitkan oleh
  cendekiawan/sarjana dan penyelidik terhadap
  sesuatu topik
• Laporan penilaian terhadap maklumat yang
  bersesuaian dengan ruang kajian
• Kajian perlu menceritakan, meringkaskan, menilai
  dan menjelaskan topik yang dikaji

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Tujuan Kajian Literatur

• Untuk memberi gambaran kepada pembaca mengenai
  pengetahuan dan idea yang telah dikemukakan
  sebelum ini terhadap topik kajian dan menyatakan
  kelemahan serta kekuatannya
• Menyediakan konteks terhadap kajian
• Membolehkan pengkaji mempelajari teori/kaedah
  terdahulu mengenai sesuatu subjek kajian
• Menekankan ada silapnya dalam kajian terdahulu
• Menggariskan ada ruang kosong dalam kajian
  terdahulu
• untuk projek penyelidikan

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Kemahiran di dalam Kajian Literatur

• Information seeking the ability to scan the
  literature efficiently, using manual or
  computerized methods, to identify a set of useful
  articles and books
• critical appraisal the ability to apply
  principles of analysis to identify unbiased and
  valid studies.

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Langkah-langkah di dlm melakukan Kajian Literatur

• Selecting the topic
• Setting the topic in context
• Looking at information sources
• Using information sources
• Getting the information
• Organising information (information management)
• Positioning the literature review
• Writing the literature review

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1. Selecting the topic

• can information be gathered locally?
• are you in a position to travel to use various
  sources?
• what are your interests and will this interest be
  maintained for the duration of the research?
• who will be interested in this research ?
• is the scope wide enough to be able to ascertain
  a particular niche?
• is the scope so broad that it will lose
  direction?
• does it involve technology that is readily
  available?
• is training in technology and / or software
  readily available?

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2. Setting the topic in context

• For the topic to grow there must also be a
  context and this is influenced by existing
  knowledge.
• The role of the literature review is to analyse
  the existing literature and give justification as
  to how your research will fit into the existing
  body of knowledge
• allows the author to demonstrate how his research
  is linked to prior efforts and how it extends our
  understanding of this general line of scholarly
  inquiry

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3. Looking at information sources

• need to consult a wide range of information
  sources
• Informal sources peers, colleagues, other
  researchers, your Faculty Liaison Librarian, and
  your supervisor
• formal sources books, journals - scholarly,
  popular, research papers, world wide web,
  bibliographies, encyclopedias

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4. Using information sources

• Defining the information need and stating it as a
  question
• Breaking the need into its component parts
• Identifying synonyms and prioritising keywords
• Searching specific sources
• Evaluating the information
• Evaluating the search process (adapted from 
  Constructing a Search Strategy, Duffel, 1995).

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Evaluating the information

• assess the standing of the author - is he/she an
  academic? a journalist? another student? a
  researcher?
• look at the date of publication - is the topic
  representative of thinking at that time?
• ascertain the intended audience - was the
  material written for a general audience? other
  researchers? particular groups with particular
  views?
• notice the writing style - is it conversational?
  academic? provocative? sensational? descriptive?
• look at the presentation - does the author use
  tables, graphs, diagrams, illustrations
  appropriately?  are the descriptive details
  sufficient?
• refer to the bibliography and references - has
  the author referred to the the work of others? 
  have all ideas been acknowledged and cited? are
  there any citations listed which would further
  your work?
• look at the type of publication and its' purpose
  - is it a scholarly journal? a popular journal? a
  refereed publication? a book? conference
  proceedings?

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5. Getting the information

• Full text available in library
• Electronic databases
• Be aware of options for obtaining more than
  references
• Ordering via the library
• Searching local resource centers - Public and
  special libraries
• Access to the catalogues of other university
  libraries
• Commercial document vendors

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6. Organising information (information management)

• systematic with your approach to searching,
  Record your searches and the date they were done
  ? easier to update and reminds you which
  databases and sources retrieved useful
  information and which ones didn't.

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7. Positioning the literature review

• Understand and clarify the relationships between
  your research and the discipline/s.
• Place and justify your research within the
  discipline/s.
• Understand the existing literature and how it
  relates /supports/contradicts your topic.

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8. Writing the literature review

• All works included in the review must be read,
  evaluated and analysed
• a sign of professional maturity it indicates
  ones grasp of the field, ones methodological
  sophistication in critiquing others research,
  and the breadth and depth of ones reading

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Bahan-bahan Kajian literatur

• Buku
• Artikel dalam Jurnal
• Artikel dalam Proceeding atau kertas kerja
• Tesis
• Majalah
• Internet maklumat yg diakui (perlu nyatakan
  website tarikh dirujuk) tidak digalakkan

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Panduan Kajian literatur

• Jangan sekali kali meniru atau cut and paste
  sahaja
• Ringkaskan dengan menggunakan ayat sendiri perlu
  dilakukan terhadap bahan yang diperolehi
• Kandungan dan susunan perlulah bersesuaian dengan
  projek/kajian yang telah atau akan dilakukan
• Pengumpulan bahan perlu di lakukan untuk
  dianalisa

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Tips (Dr Tony Ward,Senior Lecturer in Marketing
and Strategic Management, School of Marketing and
Tourism)

• keep complete and accurate records of everything
  read (especially references)
• identify referencing requirements and learn the
  style as soon as you can
• summarise every paper you read
• do not be afraid to think 'outside the square' -
  it is your review so try to find your own
  insights rather than just copy previous work
• break the review into thematic sections, treat
  each thematic area as a 'mini' review

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Citing

• Citing is the process of giving credit to the
  sources you used to write your paper. Citations
  can be located in the text or at the end of the
  work in a bibliography. It can be difficult to
  figure out what needs to be credited.
• Use this rule of thumb
• If you knew a piece of information before you
  started doing research, generally you do not need
  to credit it.
• You also do not need to cite well-known facts,
  such as dates, which can be found in many
  encyclopedias.
• All other information such as quotations,
  statistics, and ideas should always be cited in
  your papers.

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WHY MUST YOU DO A BIBLIOGRAPHY?

• Some reasons
• To acknowledge and give credit to sources of
  words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations
  borrowed, or any materials summarized or
  paraphrased.
• To show that you are respectfully borrowing other
  peoples ideas, not stealing them, i.e. to prove
  that you are not plagiarizing.
• To offer additional information to your readers
  who may wish to further pursue your topic.
• To give readers an opportunity to check out your
  sources for accuracy. An honest bibliography
  inspires reader confidence in your writing.
• Your teacher insists that you do a bibliography
  or marks will be deducted.

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Rujukan vs Bibliografi

• Rujukan
• Setiap senarai rujukan perlu dipastikan dikod
  dalam teks laporan.
• Sebagai rujukan khusus
• Bibliografi
• Setiap senarai bibliografi tidak perlu dikod
  dalam teks laporan.
• Sebagai rujukan umum

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Format rujukan

• Sistem Harvard
• Pengarang dan tahun
• Lebih popular digunakan dalam tesis dan buku
• Mudah diimbas dan tersusun
• Susunan mengikut abjad nama
• Sistem nombor
• Lebih banyak digunakan dalam artikel jurnal dan
  kertas kerja
• Terdapat kemudahan software
• Susunan mengikut nombor dan bab

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Sistem Harvard Contoh penulisan dalam teks

• Meletakan tahun penerbitan dalam kurungan selepas
  nama pengarang
• Menurut Paredis (1993) sebilangan besar masalah
• Meletakan nama pengarang dan tahun penerbitan
  dalam kurungan
• menjadi suatu bidang kajian yang popular dewasa
  ini (Paredis, 1993).

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Sistem Harvard Contoh penulisan dalam teks

• Bahan rujukan dihasilkan oleh dua pengarang
• Keputusan ini telah diperolehi oleh Written dan
  Franck (1999).
• Bahan rujukan dihasilkan oleh lebih daripada dua
  pengarang
• Safaai Deris et al. (1997) telah menggunakan
  pendekatan
• Guna huruf kecil (a,b,c..) selepas tahun jika
  pengarang yang sama menghasilkan lebih dari satu
  kertas kerja dalam tahun yang sama
• Safaai Deris et al. (1997a) telah menggunakan
  pendekatan

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Nama pengarang dalam senarai rujukan

• Nama barat John Neville Pavlovic -gt Pavlovic,
  J.N.
• Nama melayu Mohd Noor Md Sap -gt sama
• Nama arab atau berunsur arab
• Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas -gt Al-Attas, Syed
  Muhammad Naquib
• Nama cina Tan Beng Keat -gt Tan, Beng Keat
• Nama india
• Srinivasan Venkataraman -gt sama tetapi kalau S.N.
  Gupta -gt Gupta, S.N.
• Nama punjabi Pretam Singh -gt sama

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Format penulisan bahan rujukan

• Buku
• Nama penulis (tahun). Judul buku. edisi. tempat
  terbit penerbit.halaman
• Artikel dalam buku
• Nama pengarang artikel (tahun). Judul artikel.
  Nama pengarang buku. Judul buku. tempat terbit
  penerbit.halaman
• Artikel dalam jurnal
• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul artikel. Judul jurnal.
  Jilid(nombor) halaman
• Artikel daripada persidangan
• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul artikel. Tajuk
  persidangan. Tarikh persidangan. Tempat diterbit.
  Nama penerbit.halaman
• Tesis
• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul. Nama institusi tesis

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Internet

• Tidak kekal dan reliable untuk jangka masa
  panjang
• Dijadikan sebagai alat untuk mendapatkan sumber
  asal
• Walau bagaimanapun jika perlu, contoh penulisan
  adalah
• Epsicokhan, Jamahl. The franchise's future. Trek
  Nation, August 10, 1999 (accessed August 16,
  1999). http//www.treknation.com/articles/future_
  epsicokhan.shtml
• Smitha, Frank E. The rise of China. Antiquity
  Online, 1998 (accessedJuly 29, 1999). EurekaNet
  Internet Services, http//www.eurekanet.com/fesm
  itha/h1/ch06.htm

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Exercise BUKU

• Java, Java, Java Object-Oriented Problem Solving
  karangan Ralph Morelli keluaran Prentice Hall,
  tahun terbitan 2000, halaman yang dirujuk ms 271
  sehingga 275. Cetakan dilakukan di New Jeersey,
  USA

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Exercise BUKU

• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul buku. edisi. tempat
  terbit penerbit.halaman
• Morelli, R.(2000). Java, Java, Java
  Object-Oriented Problem Solving. New Jersey, USA
  Prentice Hall. 271- 275

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Exercise Buku

• Buku Electronic Commerce A Managerial
  Perspective 2004. Penulis adalah Efraim Turban,
  David King, Jae Lee Dennis Viehland. Terbitan
  Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Tahun 2004.

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Exercise TESIS

• Tesis FSKSM tahun 2003, UTM bertajuk Sistem
  pengurusan pusat sumber tesis di FSKSM secara
  atas talian oleh AZMI BIN MAT YASIN

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Exercise TESIS

• Nama penulis (tahun). Judul. Nama institusi
  tesis
• Azmi Mat Aris (2003). Sistem pengurusan pusat
  sumber tesis di FSKSM. Universiti Teknologi
  Malaysia Tesis Sarjana Muda

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Exercise PROCEEDING

• Artikel jurnal bertajuk Collision Free Multi
  Agents Motion Planning in Complex Virtual System
  yang ditulis oleh Dr. Muhammad Shafie Abd Latif
  dan Setyawan Widyarto dalam persidangan the 7th
  International Conference on Work With Computing
  Systems, WWCS 2004 di Kuala Lumpur pada June
  29-July 2, 2004.

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Exercise PROCEEDING

• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul artikel. Tajuk
  persidangan. Tarikh persidangan. Tempat diterbit.
  Nama penerbit.halaman
• Abd Latif M.S. dan Widyarto S.(2004). Collision
  Free Multi Agents Motion Planning in Complex
  Virtual System. The 7th International Conference
  on Work With Computing Systems, WWCS 2004. June
  29- July 2. Kuala Lumpur.

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Exercise JURNAL

• Artikel jurnal bertajuk Applying Model-Integrated
  Computing to Component Middleware and Enterprise
  Applications dikeluarkan dalam tahun 2002 dan
  ditulis oleh  Aniruddha Gokhale, Douglas C.
  Schmidt, Balachandran Natarajan, Nanbor Wang .
  ACM Transaction on Database System. Vol 20 no 3

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Exercise JURNAL

• Nama penulis(tahun). Judul artikel. Judul jurnal.
  Jilid(nombor) halaman
• Gokhale A., Schmidt D.C., Natarajan B., Wang N.,
  (2002). Applying Model-Integrated Computing to
  Component Middleware and Enterprise Applications.
  ACM Transaction on Database System. Vol 20 no 3
  78-83