International Shale Development Optimization

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International Shale Development Optimization
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Unconventional Resources Development
Completion Quality
Reservoir Quality
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Controls for Reservoir Productivity

• Defining Reservoir Quality
• TOC and maturation
• Mineralogy
• Pore Pressure
• Petrophysics porosity, saturations,
  permeability, thickness
• Gas in place adsorbed, interstitial
• Defining Completion Quality
• Structure faults, natural fractures, curvature
• Hydraulic fracture containment geomechanical
  anisotropy, in-situ stress
• Rock fracturability surface area per reservoir
  volume, texture, complexity
• Retention of surface area and fracture
  conductivity stress, mechanical properties
• Fracturing fluid sensitivity mineralogy, fluid
  chemistry

Good Reservoir Quality Good Completion Quality
Economic Success
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Barnett
Eagle Ford (oil)
Marcellus
Haynesville
Woodford
Fayetteville
Eagle Ford
Shales are Vertically Variable
Each Shale is Unique
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Core/Log Petrophysical Analysis
ECSXRD
SwPorosity
TOCPerm
Gasin Place
RHOBRHOM
Porosity
ELAN
Res
GR
TOC gt 2 wt
Effective phi 4 to 12 pu
Permeability gt 100 nd
Saturations Sliquid lt 45
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Shale in Perspective Permeability
100 nD 0.0000001 D 1 ten millionth of a Darcy
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Shale in Perspective Permeability
100 nD 0.0000001 D 1 ten millionth of a Darcy
Consequence of Extremely Low Matrix
Permeabilities

• Majority of Pressure Drop at Fracture Face
• At Initial Reservoir Pressure 10s of meters from
  fracture for years
• Hydraulic Fracturing is a REQUIREMENT
• Hydraulic Fracture Complexity can induce a
  pressure drop from multiple directions

Hydraulic Fractures at 250 ft Spacing (400 nd)
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Shale in Perspective Large Stimulation Treatments
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Initial Completion Quality Evaluation
Vertical Fracture Height Growth
80 m
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Initial Completion Quality Evaluation
Vertical Fracture Conductivity
80 m
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Completion Quality Variability
Fayetteville Shale Outcrop
Formation Micro-Imaging Logs (FMI)
Reservoir 2
Reservoir 3
Reservoir 1
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Lateral Heterogeneity Horizontal Image Logs
Reservoir 1
600 m
Reservoir 2
500 m
Reservoir 3
700 m
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Production Along the Lateral is Not Uniform
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54
Well 1
14
31
Well 2
47
53
Well 3
Well 4
37
18
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Addressing Variable Completion Quality

• Wireline Horizontal Geomechanical Analysis

• Quantify lateral stress variation
• Indentify stress anisotropy
• Group frac stages in Like Rock
• Perforate similarly stressed rock

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Addressing Variable Completion Quality
LWD Horizontal Geomechanical Analysis
A
H
G
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Addressing Variable Completion Quality
Images can Identify Natural Fractures
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Putting it All Together

• Reservoir
• Quality

• Completion
• Quality

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Addressing Variable Completion QualityEagle Ford
Shale Example Geometrical Staging
SPE134827
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Addressing Variable Completion QualityEagle Ford
Shale Example Selective Staging
SPE134827
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Completion Optimization to Maximize Production

• New wells used Reservoir Quality and Completion
  Quality to optimize completions
• 33 increase in 3 month average cumulative BOE on
  new wells compared to offsets

SPE134827
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3 Dimensional View of Reservoir
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Integrating Seismic Attributes with Fracture
Geometry
SPE131779
Microseismic event locations along with the
azimuth of most negative curvature (arrows) and
magnitude of most positive curvature (background
color)
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Coupling Fracture Geometry to Reservoir Simulation

• Evaluation of Completion Quality

Unconventional Fracture Geometry Model
Eclipse Reservoir Simulation
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Eclipse Reservoir Simulation Production History
Match
Production Match
Pressure Match
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Reservoir Exploitation
Completion Quality Optimization
Estimated Ultimate Recoveries
Reservoir Development
Recovery Factors
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What is the right model for success?
Model 1
Model 2

• Minimum data utilized
• Accept statistical variation in well performance
• Compensate by drilling more wells
• Factory approach to drilling and completion
• Large footprint high rates large fluid volumes

• Collect optimum data
• Understand the reservoir and completion quality
• Reservoir based well placement
• Utilize technology to improve drilling
  completion efficiency
• Reduced equipment footprint and fluid volumes

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Thank You
Good Reservoir Quality Good Completion Quality
Economic Success