IBC 2006 Chapter 3 Use

1
IBC 2006 - Chapter 3 Use Occupancy
Classification
2
Equivalent Risk

• How to maintain the same level of safety with a
  wide variety of occupancies and construction
  types
• Originates with property protection
• Primary Goal Life Safety

3
Use and Occupancy Classification (302.1)

• Based on what the structure or portion of the
  structure is being used for
• If a space is occupied at different times for
  different purposes, it must comply with all of
  the requirements for each purpose

4
Assembly Group (303.1)

• Structure, building or portions of used for the
  gatherings for the purposes such as civic,
  social, religious, recreational functions, the
  consumption of food or drink, or waiting areas
• Exceptions
• Building lt 50 occupants Group B
• Room/Space lt 50 occupants Group B
• Room/Space lt 750 sq. ft. and Accessory- Group B
  or part of Occupancy

5
Assembly Group A-1

• Performing arts or motion pictures usually fixed
  seating
• Concert Halls and Theaters
• Motion Pictures Theaters
• TV and Radio Studios admitting audience

6
Assembly Group A-2

• Food and/or drink consumption
• Banquet halls
• Night Clubs
• Restaurants
• Taverns and bars

7
Assembly Group A-3

• Worship, recreation, amusement and other uses not
  classified elsewhere
• Art galleries, exhibition hall and museums
• Amusement arcades
• Bowling alleys
• Churches
• Courtroom
• Lecture halls
• Libraries
• Indoor sports areas (no spectators)
• Dance and Community halls

8
Assembly Group A-4

• Indoor sporting events with spectators
• Arenas
• Skating rinks
• Swimming pools
• Tennis courts

9
Assembly Group A-5

• Participation or viewing outdoor sports
• Amusement park structures
• Bleachers
• Grandstands
• Stadiums

10
Business Group B (304.1)

• Office, professional or service-type transactions
• Animal Hospitals
• Banks
• Barber shops, beauty shops
• Clinic - outpatient
• Dry cleaning and laundries pick up/delivery
• Post offices

11
Business Group

• Laboratories
• Professional services
• Print shops
• Motor vehicle showrooms
• Clinics - outpatient
• Radio/TV stations
• Car wash
• Educational occupancies above 12th grade

12
Educational Group E (305.1)

• Used for educational purposes by 6 or more
  persons over 2 ½ years of age through the 12th
  Grade
• Day care (305.2)
• Education, supervision, or personal care
• More than 5 children
• Older than 2 ½ years old

13
Educational Group E Exceptions

• Religious educational rooms accessory to a church
  with an occupant load of less than 100 are an A-3
  occupancy
• Child care facility more than 5 and less than 100
  children (308.5.2)
• 2 ½ years old and under
• All rooms with these children require exit doors
  directly to exterior at the level of exit
  discharge

14
Factory Group F (306.1)

• Assembling, dissembling, fabricating, finishing,
  manufacturing, packaging, repair or processing
  operations not classified as Group H or Group S
• F-1 Moderate hazard
• F-2 Low hazard

15
Factory Group F-1 (306.2)Moderate hazard

• Aircraft
• Appliances
• Automobiles
• Bakeries
• Beverages (gt12 alcohol)
• Boats
• Broom or brushes
• Clothing
• Dry cleaning plants
• Cameras
• Canvas
• Electronics
• Furniture
• Machinery
• Millwork

• Musical instruments
• Optical goods
• Paper mills or products
• Photographic film
• Printing publishing
• Plastics
• RVs
• Refuse incineration
• Shoes
• Soaps
• Textiles
• Tobacco
• Trailers
• Upholstering
• Woodworking (cabinet)

16
Factory Group F-2 (306.3)Low hazard

• Beverages (12 alcohol or less)
• Brick and masonry
• Ceramic products
• Foundries
• Glass products
• Gypsum
• Ice
• Metal products (fabrication and assembly)

17
High Hazard Group (307.1)

• Manufacturing, processing, generation or storage
  of materials quantities in excess of those in
  Table 307.7(1) and (2) that are a physical or
  health hazard.
• Exceptions 15 total
• Control areas
• Wholesale and retail sales and storage per IFC
• Batteries for emergency power
• Cleaning establishments liquid solvents gt200F
• Liquor stores without bulk storage

18
High Hazard Group H-1 (307.3)Detonation hazard

• Explosives
• Organic peroxides, unclassified detonable
• Class 4 oxidizers
• Detonable pyrophoric material
• Unstable (reactive) material

19
High Hazard Group H-2 (307.4)Deflagration,
accelerated burning hazard

• Class I, II, IIIA flammable or combustible
  liquids
• Combustible dusts
• Cryogenic liquids, flammable
• Flammable gases
• Organic peroxides, Class I
• Oxidizers, Class 3
• Pyrophoric liquids, solids and gases non
  detonable
• Unstable reactive material, Class 3, nondetonable
• Water reactive materials, Class 3

20
High Hazard Group H-3 (307.5)Readily support
combustion

• Class I, II, IIIA liquids lt 15 psi
• Combustible fibers
• Consumer fireworks
• Cryogenic liquids, oxidizing
• Flammable solids
• Organic peroxides, Class II and III
• Oxidizers, Class 2
• Oxidizers, Class 3 lt 15 psi
• Oxidizing gases
• Unstable reactive material, Class 2
• Water reactive materials, Class 2

21
High Hazard Group H-4 (307.6)Health Hazards

• Corrosives
• Highly toxic materials
• Toxic materials

22
High Hazard Group H-5 (307.7)Semiconductor
fabrication facilities

• Semiconductor fabrication facilities or
  comparable research development
• Where hazardous production materials (HPM) used
  in quantities in excess of Table 307.7(1) and
  307.7(2)
• Must be designed according to Section 415.8
  Group H5 (special use and occupancy)

23
Institutional Group I (308.1)

• For the care or supervision of people having
  physical limitations due to health or age are
  harbored for medical treatment or other care or
  treatment or
• In which occupants are detained for penal or
  correctional purposes or
• Where the liberty of the occupants are restricted

24
Institutional Group I-1 (308.2)

• Housing for more than 16 persons on a 24 hour
  basis who due to age, mental disability or other
  reasons live in a supervised residential
  environment but can respond to emergency
  situations without physical assistance.
• Residential board and care facilities
• Assisted living facilities
• Halfway houses, group homes
• Congregate care facilities
• Social rehabilitation, alcohol and drug centers

25
Institutional Group I-1 (308.2)Exceptions

• 6 to 16 persons Classified R-4
• 5 or fewer persons Classified R-3

26
Institutional Group I-2 (308.3)

• Medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing,
  custodial care facilities for over 5 persons who
  are not capable of self preservation.
• Hospitals
• Nursing homes
• Mental hospitals
• Child care on 24 hour basis for more than 5
  children under age 2 ½ years of age (308.3.1)

27
Institutional Group I-3 (308.4)

• Restraint facilities or security facilities for
  more than 5 persons.
• Prisons and Jails
• Reformatories
• Detention Centers
• Correctional Centers
• Pre-release Centers

28
Institutional Group I-3Conditions

• Condition 1 Free movement allowed throughout
  permitted to be considered Group R
• Condition 2 Free interior movement, locked exits
• Condition 3 Free movement within a compartment
  Egress with remote release
• Condition 4 Restricted movement within
  compartments remote control release within
  compartments and egress
• Condition 5 Restricted movement within
  compartments Staff controlled manual release
  within compartments and egress.

29
Institutional Group I-4 (308.5)

• Day Care facilities (for over 5 persons)
• Any Age
• Adult care (A-3 if capable of self preservation)
• Child care under 2 ½ years of age
• Receive custodial care for less than 24 hours
• Does not include places of worship during
  religious functions

30
Mercantile Group M (309.1)

• Display and sale of merchandise involving stocks
  of goods accessible to the public
• Department stores
• Drug Stores
• Markets
• Motor fuel stations
• Retail or wholesale stores
• Sales rooms

31
Residential Group R (310.1)

• Used for sleeping purposes not classified as
  Group I or per IRC
• R-1 Multi-unit transient
• R-2 Multi-unit non transient
• R-3 Not classified elsewhere
• R-4 Residential care

32
Residential Group R-1

• Occupants are primarily transient in nature (not
  more than 30 days)
• Hotels
• Boarding Houses
• Motels

33
Residential Group R-2

• More than 2 dwelling units per building where
  occupants are primarily permanent
• Apartments
• Boarding houses (not transient)
• Convents
• Dormitories
• Fraternities or Sororities
• Hotels and Motels (not transient)
• Monasteries

34
Residential Group R-3

• Not more than 2 dwelling units per building, not
  classified as R-1, R-2, R-4 or I, where occupants
  are more permanent
• Houses
• Duplex units
• Adult and child day care (less than 24 hours)
  with not more than 5 occupants

35
Residential Group R-4

• Residential care/assisted living
• 6-16 residents, excluding staff
• 24 hour per day basis
• Greater than 16 residents classified I-1
• Fewer than 6 residents classified R-3

36
Storage Group S (311.1)

• For storage not classified as hazardous occupancy
• S-1 Moderate hazard storage
• S-2 Low hazard storage

37
Storage Group S-1 (311.2) Moderate hazard storage

• Aerosols, Level 2 and 3
• Aircraft repair hangers
• Bags, burlap, cloth, paper
• Bamboo, rattan, baskets, belts, canvas, leather
• Books, boots, shoes buttons, cardboard, clothing,
  wool, furniture, glues, grains, horns, combs,
  linoleum, lumber
• Motor vehicle repair garage (maximum quantities
  of hazardous materials)
• Silks, soaps, tires, tobacco, upholstery, wax
  candles

38
Storage Group S-2 (311.3) Low hazard storage

• Aircraft hanger
• Beverages (up to 12 alcohol) in metal, ceramic
  or glass containers
• Cement in bags
• Chalk crayons
• Dairy products (in non-waxed coated paper
  containers)
• Dry cell batteries
• Electrical coils and motors
• Empty cans
• Food products

• Food (noncombustible containers)
• Glass bottles
• Gypsum board
• Meats
• Metals and metal parts
• Mirrors
• Porcelain
• Stoves
• Talc and soap stones
• Washer or dryers
• Parking garages, open and enclosed.

39
Utilities and MiscellaneousGroup U (312.1)

• Accessory and miscellaneous structures not
  classified in other occupancies
• Agriculture buildings
• Aircraft hangers accessory to one or two family
  dwellings
• Barns
• Carports
• Fences over 6 feet high and retaining walls
• Grain silos accessory to residential occupancy
• Greenhouses
• Livestock shelters
• Private garages
• Sheds
• Tanks and Towers

40
New for 2006

• Moves all provisions for Mixed Uses to Ch. 5
• Adds Training and skill development not within a
  school or academic program to Group B
• Classifies congregate living facilities with lt16
  occupants as R-3
• Clarifies that any amount of hazardous material
  is regulated by section 414 and IFC

41
Questions?
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IBC 2006 - Chapter 4 Special Detailed
Requirements Based on Use Occupancy
44
Introduction

• Contains requirements for specific types of
  buildings and occupancies
• Typically supplemental to other code provisions
• Building Types Malls, High Rises and Parking
  Garages
• Building Areas Atriums, Stages, Group I and
  Group H

45
Special Detailed Requirements

• Covered Malls
• High-Rise
• Atriums
• Underground Buildings
• Motor-Vehicle-Related
• Group I-2 I-3
• Motion Picture Projection Rooms
• Stages Platforms

• Special Amusement
• Aircraft-Related
• Hazardous Materials
• Application of Flammable Finishes
• Drying Rooms
• Organic Coatings
• Group I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3
• Hydrogen Cutoff Rooms

46
Covered Mall Buildings (402)

• A building three stories or less enclosing two or
  more tenants with access to a covered common
  pedestrian area
• Typically a shopping center but provisions have
  been used for airports and offices
• Does not include Anchor Building

47
Covered Mall Buildings

• Unlimited area
• Construction Types I, II, III, IV
• Fully Sprinklered
• Mall independently of tenants and anchors
• Mall, anchor stores and attached parking
  surrounded by 60 feet of open space and
• Anchor stores less than 3 stories
• Anchor Stores over 3 stories per Sec. 503
• Parking Garages always per Sec. 406

48
Covered Mall Buildings

• Kiosks (temporary or permanent) (402.10)
• Limited combustible construction
• Horizontal separation - 20 foot minimum
• Size 300 ft2 maximum
• Childrens playground structures (402.11)
• Limited combustible construction
• Horizontal separation - 20 foot minimum
• Size 300 ft2 maximum

49
High-Rise Buildings (403.1)

• Highest occupied floor over 75 feet above lowest
  level of fire department access
• Not always noted on plans
• Not readily apparent from exterior

50
High-Rise Buildings (403.1)

• Highest occupied floor over 75 feet above lowest
  level of fire department access
• Not always noted on plans
• Not readily apparent from exterior

51
High-Rise Buildings

• Reduction in Construction Type
• Less than 420 feet Type IA to IB
• Other than F-1, M, S-1 Type IB to IIA
• Fire Command Center per 911
• Standby and Emergency Power

52
Atriums (404)

• Opening connection two or more stories other than
  enclosed stairways, elevators, hoistways,
  escalators, or MEP equipment and not a covered
  mall
• Use of floor area
• Enclosure
• Smoke control

53
Motor-Vehicle-Related (406)

• Private garages and carports (406.1)
• Open parking garage (406.3)
• Openings area and perimeter (406.3.3.1)
• Special area and height (406.3.5)
• Enclosed parking garage (406.4)
• Height and area Table 503
• Mechanical Ventilation
• Fuel-dispensing facilities canopies (406.5)
• Repair garages (406.6)

54
Group I-2 (407)

• Hospitals and Nursing Homes
• Corridor walls Smoke Partitions
• Smoke barriers stories w/ sleeping or treatment
  rooms or lt 50 occupants
• Refuge area and independent egress
• Egress to secured yard gt 50 feet from building

55
Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3

• Dwelling Unit separation walls and horizontal
  separation
• 1 hour required
• ½ hour in IIB, IIIB, VB with NFPA 13

56
New for 2006

• Adds childrens playground structure
• Adds 420 foot high rise limitations
• Requires doors between garages and dwelling units
  to be self-closing
• Removes specific limitation on number of control
  areas for Group M and S

57
Questions?
58
IBC 2006 Chapter 5 General Building Heights
Areas
59
Building Heights and Areas

• Table 503 Tabular values
• Allowable height and area depends on
• Group
• Type construction
• Overall size is based on the specific fuel load
  and fire hazard associated with both the
  occupancy and the materials used to construct the
  building

60
Table 503Allowable Height and Building Areas
61
Building Heights and Areas

• Height from the grade plane.
• Maximum number of stories applies only to stories
  above grade.
• A basement is a story above grade plane when the
  finished surface of the floor above the basement
  is
• More than 6 feet (1829 mm) above grade plane
• More than 12 feet (3658 mm) above the finished
  ground level at any point.

62
Building Heights and Areas

• Buildings on the same lot (503.1.2)
• Separate buildings
• Portions of the same building

63
Height Modifications (504)

• Sprinklers (504.2)
• NPFA 13 (903.1.1) increase of 20 feet and 1
  story.
• NFPA 13R (903.3.1.2) Group R-1, R-2, and R-4
  Buildings increase of 20 feet and 1 story
  increase can not exceed four stories or 60
  feet.
• NFPA 13D (903.3.1.3) Group R-3 increase of 20
  feet and 1 story increase can not exceed four
  stories or 60 feet.

64
Mezzanines (505)

• Considered part of floor below. Does not
  contribute to building area or number of stories
• Area 1/3 of room open to (2/3 industrial
  occupancies or ½ Type I or II)
• Openness Must not have walls over 42 in
  height, unless one of the following
• Occupant load of enclosed space does not exceed
  10
• 2 means of egress, w/one having direct access to
  an exit
• Enclosed space lt 10 of mezzanine area
• Specific industrial and factory applications

65
Area Modifications (506)

• (Equation 5-1)
• where
• Aa Allowable area per story (sq ft)
• At Tabular area per story in per Table 503 (sq
  ft).
• If Area increase factor due to frontage as
  calculated in accordance with Section 506.2
• Is Area increase factor due to sprinkler
  protection per Section 506.3
• Multiple stories 2
• Single Story 3

66
Frontage Increase (506.2)

• (Equation 5-2)
• where
• If Area increase from frontage.
• F Building perimeter fronting a public way or
  open space having
• 20 feet (6096 mm) open minimum width (ft).
• P Perimeter of entire building (ft).
• W Width of public way or open space (ft) in
  accordance with Section 506.2.1
• W at least 20 feet and W divided by 30 shall
  not exceed 1.0. Where the value of W varies it
  is based on the weighted average of each portion
  of exterior wall and open space where the value
  of W is between 20 and 30 feet.

67
Total Building Area (506.4)

• Determined by multiplying the allowable area of
  the first
• floor (Aa), per Section 506.1, by the number of
  stories
• as listed below.
• For two-story buildings, multiply by 2
• For three-story or higher buildings, multiply by
  3 and,
• No story shall exceed the allowable area per
  floor (Aa), as determined in Section 506.1 for
  the occupancies on that floor.
• Exceptions
• Unlimited area buildings in accordance with
  Section 507
• The maximum area of a building equipped
  throughout with an automatic sprinkler system per
  Section 903.3.1.2 (NFPA 13R) determined by
  multiplying the allowable area per floor (Aa),
  per Section 506.1 by the number of stories.

68
Building Heights and Areas

• 506.1.1 Basements need not be included in the
  total allowable area provided they do not exceed
  the area permitted for a one-story building.

69
Unlimited Area (507)

• Requires 60ft clear around perimeter
• 60 feet to 40 feet
• Not more than 75 of perimeter of building
• Minimum 3 hour exterior walls in reduced space
• Opening protectives have 3 hour rating in reduced
  space
• One Story, unsprinklered
• Groups F-2, S-2
• One Story, sprinklered
• Groups B, F, M, or S
• Groups A-4 one story, other than Type V
• Two Story, sprinklered
• Groups B, F, M, or S

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Unlimited Area

• One story, sprinklered, Type II
• Group A-3 used as a church, community hall, dance
  hall, exhibition hall, gymnasium, lecture hall,
  indoor swimming pool or tennis court
• No stage other than platform
• Floor 21 inches of grade and ramps for all exits
• One story, sprinklered, Type II, IIIA, or IV
• Group E
• Each classroom, 2 means of egress with one a
  direct exit
• Group H-2, H-3, H-4 in F and S if lt 10 building
  area
• Aircraft paint hangar
• Motion picture theaters of Type I or II
  construction
• Covered malls and anchor buildings per 402.6

71
Example
72
Solution
Step One Determine actual area Aact 200
125 25,000 sf Step Two Determine Tabular
height and area, from Table 503 Tabular
height 4 stories, 55 Tabular area, At 19,
000 sf.
73
Solution
Step Three Apply Height increase for
sprinklers (1 story, 20) Allowable
height 5 stories, 75 Actual height 5
stories, 72 OK !
74
Solution
Step Four Apply area increase for
frontage F 650 P 650 W
(25200301253020030125)/650 W28.46 If
600/600-0.2528.33/30.7115
75
Solution
Step Five Apply area increase for
sprinklers for multiple story building,
Is2 Step Six Compute area formula Aa
19,00019,000.711519,0002 Aa 70,518 gt
25,000 OK!
76
Solution Amax SAt
Step Eight Compute maximum area Amax SxAt,
where S3, At 70,518 Amax 70,518 3
211,554 Actual area of all floors Afloors
25,000 5 125,000
Building complies !
77
Mixed Occupancies

• Two or more uses that are in different Groups
  within the same building
• Accessory occupancies
• Nonseparated occupancies
• Separated occupancies

78
Incidental Use Area (508.2)

• Classified according to portion of building
  containing incidental use area
• Dwelling Unit exception
• Sprinklers protection required only in incidental
  use area
• Sprinklers require area to be separated by smoke
  resistant construction

79
IBC Table 508.2
80
Accessory Occupancies (508.3.1)

• Similar to Incidental
• Subset of Mixed Occupancies
• No separation required
• Limited to 10 of the area of the story
• Can not exceed Table 503 values
• Area
• Height

81
Accessory Assembly (508.3.1)

• Accessory Assembly lt 750 sq ft not considered
  separate occupancies
• Limited in area to 750 sq ft

82
Example 1
83
Example 2
84
Nonseparated Occupancies(508.3.2)

• Each portion individually classified as to use
• Most restrictive type construction used for
  entire building
• Apply most restrictive parts of Chapter 9 (fire
  protection) and Section 403 (high-rise) to entire
  building
• Apply other code sections based on the use of
  each part of the building

85
Separated Occupancies (508.3.3)

• Separated by fire barrier walls or horizontal
  assemblies per Table 508.3.3
• Each fire area must comply with height
  limitations based on use
• Ratio of floor area/allowable area shall not
  exceed 1
• Notes on Table 302.3.2
• Storage in B or M
• Commercial kitchens

86
Table 508.3.3Required Separation of Occupancies
87
Special Provisions (509.2)

• Pedestal Buildings - Enclosed Parking Garage
  (S-2) with A, B, M or R above
• Separate buildings
• Area Limitation
• Continuity of Fire Walls
• Number of Stories
• Type of Construction
• NOT Building Height

88
Typical Pedestal Building
89
Basic Requirements

• Basement/First Story is IA construction and
  separated with a 3 hour horizontal assembly.
• Building above is Group A (max. 300 Occupants),
  B, M, or R
• Shafts through separation assembly rated 2 hours

90
Exceptions

• Shafts
• 3 hours rated below separation
• 1 hour above when less than 4 stories
• 1 hour opening protectives required
• Use below separation other than S-2
• Entry Lobbies, Mechanical Rooms
• Group A (300 max), B or M

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New for 2006

• Moved Mixed Occupancy provisions
• Mezzanine area to 50 in Type I and II
• Group A-1 A-2 in single story unlimited area
  buildings
• Occupancy separation now based on dissimilar risk
• Groups B and M under opening parking

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Questions?
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94
IBC 2006 Chapter 6 Types of Construction
95
Construction Types

• Specified by the designer
• Type I and II - Concrete and Steel
• Non-combustible
• Type III Masonry exterior and wood interior
• Non-combustible exterior
• Combustible interior
• Type IV Heavy Timber
• Non-combustible exterior (FRT in some cases)
• Sawn or laminated timber interior
• Type V Wood frame
• Combustible

96
Combustibles in Type I and II

• List of 22 permitted uses
• FRT Wood
• Non-bearing partitions lt2 hours rated
• Unrated non-bearing exterior walls
• Roof construction in some cases
• Interior finishes, trim and millwork
• Blocking for handrails, millwork, etc
• Materials to protect joints and penetrations in
  fire rated assemblies
• Ducts, Piping and Wiring methods

97
Table 601Fire resistance requirements for
Building Elements
98
Table 602Fire resistance requirements for
exterior walls based on fire separation distance
99
New for 2006

• Provided dimensions for Glulam members in Type IV
  construction

100
IBC 2006 Chapter 7 Fire Resistance-Rated
Construction
101
Fire Rated Walls/Assemblies

• Many Levels of Separation
• Exterior walls
• Fire Walls
• Party Walls
• Fire Barriers
• Shaft Enclosures
• Fire Partitions
• Smoke Barriers
• Horizontal Assemblies

102
Exterior Walls (704)

• Measured at a right angle from the building face
  to the closest interior lot line, or the center
  line of a street alley or public way, or an
  imaginary line between two buildings on the lot.

103
Exterior Wall Openings

• NFPA 13 system in other than group H-1, H-2 and
  H-3 permits the maximum allowable area of
  unprotected openings to be the same as the
  tabulated limitations for protected openings.

104
Exterior Walls

• Fire-resistance rating for fire separation
  distance of
• lt 5 feet for exposure from both sides
• gt 5 feet rated for exposure from the inside
• Projections - the more restrictive of the
  following
• A point one-third the distance to the lot line
  from an assumed vertical plane located where the
  protected openings are required in accordance
  with section 704.8
• More than 12 inches into areas where openings are
  prohibited

105
Fire Walls (705)

• Used to create separate buildings
• Structurally independent
• Ratings not reduced by sprinklers
• Continuous from Foundation to Roof
• Imaginary Lot Lines
• Noncombustible except Type V

106
Fire Walls Table 705.4

• Openings are limited in size and protected

107
Firewall
108
Firewall
109
Fire Wall - Horizontal Continuity

• Required to extend 18 beyond exterior
• Exceptions
• 1 Hour exterior wall with opening protectives 4
  feet to each side of the wall
• Non-combustible exterior sheathing with
  non-combustible exterior finish/siding
• Non-combustible exterior sheathing with building
  sprinkler system

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Option 2
111
Option 3
112
Fire Wall Continuity

• Vertical (705.6)
• Extend from the foundation to a termination point
  at least 30 inches above both adjacent roofs.
• 5 exceptions most common is 4 of non
  combustible roof sheathing or decking with no
  openings.
• Horizontal Projecting Elements (705.5.2)
• Extend to the outer edges of horizontal
  projecting elements such as balconies, roofs,
  overhangs, canopies, marquees and architectural
  projections that are within 4 feet of the fire
  wall.
• Exceptions 3, see text
• Stepped buildings (705.6.1)
• Terminate gt 30 inches above the lower roof level
  
• Exterior wall to 15 feet above the lower roof is
  1 hour fire resistance rated from both sides
• 2 exceptions

113
Vertical Continuity (705.6)

• Maryland Exception
• 6. In Groups R-2 and R-3 as applicable in Section
  with Type III, IV, and V construction walls
  permitted to terminate at roof sheathing or deck,
  if
• 6.1

114
Vertical Continuity (705.6)

• Exception 6 - Groups R-2 and R-3 with Type III,
  IV, and V construction walls permitted to
  terminate at roof sheathing or deck, if
• 6.1 Noncombustible or FRT for 4 feet to each side
  of walls
• 6.2 Group R-2 NFPA 13 or 13R
• 6.2 Group R-3 NFPA 13, 13R, or 13D
• 6.3
• 5/8 Type X gypsum underside of roof to 4 feet
  each side
• No openings within 4 feet of fire wall
• Roof covering a minimum of Class C

115
Party Walls

• Special type of Fire Wall
• Located on a lot line
• All penetrations are prohibited

116
Fire Barriers (706)

• Only walls/vertical
• Shafts
• Exit enclosures
• Exit passageways
• Horizontal exits
• Incidental use areas
• Separation of mixed occupancies
• Single occupancy fire areas

117
Fire Barriers (706)

• Less restrictive than Fire Walls
• Continuous from top of floor/ceiling assembly to
  the floor or roof slab/deck above
• Supporting construction of at least equal rating

118
Shaft Enclosures (707)

• Sub-set of Fire Barriers
• Protect openings and penetrations through
  floor/ceiling assemblies
• 13 exceptions
• Rating based upon stories connected and floor
  ratings
• Continuous through concealed spaces
• Supported by same fire resistance rating
• Openings limited to those required for use of
  shaft
• Enclosures at top and bottom

119
Fire Partitions (708)

• Dwelling unit separation walls
• Sleeping unit separation walls
• Tenant separation walls in covered malls
• Corridor walls
• Elevator lobby separation
• 1 hour rating
• NFPA 13 Type IIB, IIIB, VB - ½ rating

120
FirePatition
121
Smoke Barriers (709)

• One hour fire-resistance rating
• Continuous from floor slab to deck above and from
  outside wall to outside wall
• Primarily used in group I occupancies
• Permits occupants to be moved to other
  compartments rather than evacuated
• Penetrations and openings per 712 and 715

122
Smoke Partitions (710)

• Corridors in Group I-2 occupancies
• Not fire rated walls
• Resists the passage of smoke
• Air transfer openings need smoke dampers
• Self closing doors

123
Horizontal Assemblies (711)

• Fire resistance rating not be less than that
  required by
• Type of construction
• Occupancy separation
• Fire area separation
• Dwelling Unit separation

124
Penetrations (712)

• Listed fire stop systems for
• Fire-resistance-rated walls
• Fire-resistance-rated assemblies
• Rated membrane penetrations
• Non-fire-resistance-rated assemblies

125
Opening Protective (715)

• Openings in
• Rated exterior walls
• Fire barriers
• Shafts
• Fire partitions
• Smoke barriers
• Require
• Fire-resistance-rated glazing
• Fire doors
• Fire shutters
• Fire windows

126
Determination of Fire-resistance

• Fire resistance ratings and fire test (703)
• Tested per ASTM E 119 and listed
• Calculated fire resistance ratings (721)
• Generally done by a fire protection engineer
• Only as prescribed in this section of the code
• Prescriptive ratings and tests (720)
• Tables 720.1(1), 720.1(2) 720.1(3)

127
New for 2006

• Redefines Fire Barrier to be vertical only
• Adds labeling requirement for fire
  resistance-rated glazing
• Adds elevator lobby exceptions for shaft
  pressurization and smoke partitions
• Adds testing requirements for smoke barrier
  penetrations

128
Questions?
129
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130
IBC 2006 Chapter 10 Means of Egress
131
Means of Egress

• Occupant Load
• Size and capacity of egress system
• Number and location of exits
• Specific egress components

132
General (1001.1)

• Means of egress requires may be covered
  concurrently in
• State Fire Prevention Code
• Enforced by State Fire Marshal or fire official
• Public Safety Article, 6-101 6-602, Annotated
  Code of Maryland
• COMAR 29.06.01

133
Definitions

• Exit Access
• Leads from any occupied point to an exit
• Exit
• Separated from other interior spaces by fire
  barriers to provide protected path from Exit
  Access to Exit Discharge
• Exit Discharge
• Between termination of an exit and the public
  way
• Exit Passageway
• Horizontal exit component
• Exit Enclosure
• Vertical or horizontal exit component

134
General Means of Egress (1003)

• Ceiling Height
• Minimum 7 with some exceptions
• Protruding Objects
• Minimum 6-8 required under projections
• Max. 4 horizontal projection between 27 and 80
• Elevation Change
• lt 12 and the floor slopes at 120 or less,
  stairs or a ramp are not required.
• Continuity
• The path of egress from any occupiable point in
  the building to the public way must be
  uninterrupted.

135
Occupant Load (1004)

• Without fixed seating
• Determined per Table 1004.1.1
• If not listed Building Official determines
• Building official can approve a smaller load
• Floor area/floor area per occupant occupant
  load
• Add occupant loads where occupants from an
  accessory area discharge through a primary space

136
Table 1004.1.1 (Partial)
137
Determining Occupant Load

• The designer may increase the occupant load up to
  one occupant for every 7 SF.
• Seating/aisle/furniture plan may be required to
  be posted by the building official
• Posting of Occupant Load
• Assembly rooms must be posted
• Sign near main exit
• Approved legible, permanent design

138
Determining Occupant Load

• Treat outdoor areas like a room in the building
• Legitimate means of egress required from fenced
  areas.
• An outdoor area will increase the occupant load
  if the means of egress is back through the
  building
• The occupant loads from stacked stories are NOT
  added together
• Where floor levels converge from above and below
  coverage on an intermediate discharge level, the
  occupant loads ARE added
• Add mezzanines occupant load to the floor below

139
Determining Occupant Load

• Fixed Seating
• Count seats or 18 per occupant on benches and
  24 per occupant in dining booths
• Multiple Occupancies
• Each occupancy must meet its minimum egress
  requirements.
• Shared egress elements must meet the requirements
  for stricter occupancy.

140
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141
Occupant Load Solution
142
Egress Width (1005)

• Occupant load egress width per occupant.
• Doors net 32 clearance (34 for doors that open
  180 deg.)
• When 2 means of egress are required, no single
  doorway can account for more than 50 of the
  required width
• Corridors, ramps net width as required elsewhere

143
Table 1005.1Egress Width per Occupant Load
144
Means of Egress Illumination (1006)

• Illumination Required at all times space is
  occupied
• Illumination Level of 1 foot candle at walking
  surface
• Emergency Power for at least 90 minutes for
  egress elements in buildings requiring two exits.
  These include corridors, stairs, exterior
  stairs, and interior and exterior discharges

145
Accessible Means of Egress (1007)

• One required where one means of egress is
  required.
• Two required when more than one means of egress
  is required.
• NOT required in alternations to existing
  buildings
• Continuous to the public way unless area of
  refuge is provided

146
Accessible Means of Egress

• Elevator on emergency power required when
  building is four or more stories
• Unless fully sprinklered and horizontal exit or
  ramp is provided.
• Enclosed Stairways at least 48 wide between
  handrails and one 48 30 area of refuge per 200
  occupants
• NFPA 13/13R 48 wide not required but area of
  refuge still needed.

147
Area of Refuge (1007.6)

• Minimum 3048 outside the required egress width
• Separated by smoke barrier or stairways in
  nonsprinklered buildings.
• Direct access to stair or elevator with emergency
  power
• 2 way communication (w/instructions) required.
• AREA OF REFUGE sign required.

148
Doors (1008)

• Minimum 32 clear width w/ 4 project at least
  34 AFF permitted. 3-0 doors typ. meet this
  requirement
• Side-hinged swinging with 6 exceptions
• Swing in the direction of travel where serving a
  space with an occupant of 50 or more.
• Door swings can never reduce the required width
  by more than ½.
• Door swings shall never project more than 7 into
  the required width.

149
Special Doors

• Revolving doors are usually NOT part of means of
  egress
• Power-operated doors must swing open under 50 lb
  force.
• Horizontal sliding doors - 8 specific
  requirements.
• Access-controlled egress doors - 6 specific
  requirements.
• Security grilles - Groups B, F, M, and S only.
• Operable from egress side without the use of a
  key or special knowledge or effort.
• No more than ½ of the means of egress doorways
• Always full-open when occupied by public

150
Doors

• Floor Elevation must be same on both sides of
  door
• ½ drop at exterior doors
• 4 other exterior door exceptions
• Landings at Doors
• Minimum width must equal door or stair it serves
  and at least 44 long
• Door arrangement
• Min. of 48 between one door and the arc of the
  other door.
• Both doors must swing in the same direction or
  out of the enclosed space.

151
Door Operations

• Readily operable from the egress side without the
  use of a key or special knowledge or effort.
• Hardware shall not require tight grasping or
  twisting of the wrist to operate and mounted 34
  to 48 high
• Locks and Latches effectively an exception to
  above
• Detention facilities
• Keyed dead bolt in Group A (lt300 Occupants),
  Groups B, F, M, S and churches
• Readily identifiable
• Unlocked when occupied
• Group R (e.g. hotel door chains)

152
Doors Locks

• Bolt Locks
• Manually operated flush bolts not permitted
• Unlatching
• Unlatching the door shall not require more than
  one operation
• Delayed Egress Locks
• Must meet all 6 specific requirements.
• Stairway Doors
• Locked from outside at the discharge door
• Doors per 403.12
• Locked from inside in buildings 4 stories or less

153
Stairways (1009)

• Stairway Width
• Minimum 44 except 36 for lt 50 occupants
• Headroom
• 6-8 (80) minimum
• Treads and Risers
• 7 max. riser. 11 min. tread
• 3/8 max. dimension change
• Stairway Landings
• Width as stair
• Length same as width up to 48

154
Tread and Risers (1009.3)

• Removed exceptions 4 and 5 and replaced them with
  the following
• Exception 4
• Group R-3 and R-2 (inside dwelling unit and Group
  U accessory to R-3
• Riser Height 8-1/4 max
• Tread Depth 9 min
• Winder Depth 9 min _at_ walking line and 6
  minimum
• Nosing (Tread depth lt 11) ¾ min and 1-1/4 max
• Exception 5
• See Maryland Rehabilitation Code for replacement
  of existing stairways

155
Stairways

• Stairway Construction
• Materials same as construction type
• Prevent accumulation of water
• Circular Stairways
• Same riser limitations as a regular stair
• Some variation in tread
• Winders
• Not permitted in a means of egress except in a
  dwelling unit

156
Stairways

• Stairway to roof - buildings 4 or more stories
• Exceptions for sloped roofs and unoccupied roofs.
• Spiral Stairways
• Only a means of egress in dwelling or space lt 250
  SF and lt 5 occupants
• Special consideration for treads, risers, width,
  and headroom.
• Alternating Tread Devices
• Means of egress in limited applications
• 250 SF mezzanines in Groups F, H and S
• Unoccupied roof
• Group I-3 Guard and observation tower

157
Ramps (1010)

• Slope
• Maximum of 112
• Non-pedestrian to 18
• Cross slope maximum of 148
• Maximum rise for any run is 30
• Minimum dimensions
• Width same as a corridor, 36 minimum between
  handrails
• Headroom is 6-8 minimum
• Ramp width shall not reduce in direction of
  travel
• Doors shall not reduce width to lt42

158
Ramps

• Landings
• Minimum 60 long and equal to ramp width
• Change in direction requires a 60 60 landing
• Construction
• Materials same as construction type
• Slip-resistant surface
• Prevent accumulation of water
• Edge Protection
• Must provide railings or curb
• Guards
• Provide where the ramp surface gt 30 above grade
  or floor

159
Handrails (1012)

• Handrails
• Both sides of stairs and ramps
• Exceptions for R occupancies and aisle stairs
• Intermediate handrails within 30 of the required
  stairway width
• Graspable and continuous
• Required to extend past top and bottom risers
• Clearance of 1-1/2 between wall and handrail

160
Graspability (1012.3)

• Exception for Group R-3 and R-2 (in dwelling
  unit)
• Circular cross section
• 1.25 min to 2.625 max
• Other Shapes
• equivalent grasping surface
• Edges
• 0.125 radius min.

161
Exit Signs (1011)

• Visible from any direction of egress travel such
  that no point in corridor is more than 100 foot
  or listed viewing distance from next sign.
• Only if more than one exit is required
• Not in main exit if obviously identifiable
• Not required in Group R-1, R-2, R-3 units
• Not required in Group I-3 sleeping rooms
• Not required in Group A-4 and A-5 in specific
  areas

162
Exit Signs

• Internally or externally illuminated at 5
  foot-candles with a minimum of 90 minute
  emergency power
• Exceptions for tactile signs
• Graphics
• Legible letter, 6 inches high and ¾ inch wide
  strokes in high contrast
• Letters in EXIT 2 inches wide except I
• Minimum spacing between letters .375 inch

163
Guards (1013)

• Where required
• Floor is 30 inches above floor or grade below
• Mechanical equipment or roof hatch within 10 feet
  of roof edge
• Guard height at least 42
• Opening Limitations
• lt 4 up to 34 and lt8 above that
• Group R-2 and R-3 Units lt 4.375
• Loads on Guards (1607.7.1)
• 50 plf applied at top and 200 psf concentrated
  load
• For one and two family only single 200 pound
  concentrated load.

164
Exit Access (1014)

• Egress through Intervening Spaces
• One tenant cannot pass through another
• Exception small tenant inside large tenant, a
  bank in a supermarket or coffee shop in big box
  store (1014.2.1)
• Common Path of Egress Travel (1014.3)
• 75 of travel before occupants have separate and
  distinct paths of travel to 2 exits.
• Group B, F and S with NFPA 13 - 100
• Group B, S and U with lt 30 occupants - 100
• Group I-3 - 100
• Group R-2 with NPFA 13 125

165
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166
Aisles (1014.4)

• An exit access component that defines and
  provides an path of egress travel
• Group B and M
• Width per Table 1005.1, minimum of 36
• Group M with merchandise pad - Aisle Accessway
• Width minimum of 30 (Non-accessible)
• Common path of travel 30
• 75 lt 50 occupants
• Seating at tables and counters
• Width measured of 19 from edges of tables and
  counters

167
Exit and Exit Access Doorways (1015)

• Two Doorways are required when
• Occupant load exceeds Table 1015.1
• Common path of travel exceeds 1014.3
• Where required for special rooms
• Doorway Arrangement
• Unobstructed
• Separation of doors from multiple exits.
• Two exits separated by ½ (or 1/3) diagonal
• Three or more exits at least two exits separated
  by ½ (or 1/3) diagonal

168
Exit Access Travel Distance (1016)

• Table 1016.1
• Exit Access Travel Distance

• Total travel distance from most remote point to
  the nearest exit from Table 1016.1
• If egress path includes open stairs, measure down
  stairs to exit discharge from building
• Can get increases for roof vents in S-1 and F-1
• Can get an increase for egress across an exterior
  balcony

169
Corridors (1017)

• Table 1017.1
• Corridor Fire-Resistance Rating

• Required rating per Table
• Not required in Group E where each room has a
  direct discharge to the exterior
• Not required in a Group R unit
• Not required in an open parking garage
• Not required in Group B that requires only 1
  means of egress

170
Corridors Width (1017.2)

• Width not less than 44
• 24 for utility access
• 36 with an occupant capacity lt 50
• 36 in a dwelling unit
• 72 with an occupant capacity gt 100 in an E
• 72 Group I surgery
• 72 I-2 where beds are moved

171
Dead Ends (1017.3)

• Dead ends limited to 20 in spaces requiring 2 or
  more means of egress
• Group B and F with NFPA 13 -50
• Can extend to 2.5 times its least width
• Rated corridors continuous from point of entry to
  an exit
• Rated foyers, lobbies and reception rooms

172
Ventilation in Corridors

• Air Movement in Corridors
• Can not be used for supply, return, exhaust,
  relief, or ventilation
• Corridor Ceiling
• Can use the space above the ceiling in a corridor
  as a return air plenum under any of five specific
  conditions

173
Exits (1018)

• Shall not be used for any purpose that interferes
  with its function as a means of egress
• Once a level of protection is given it shall be
  continuous to the exit discharge

174
Number of Exits and Continuity (1019)

• All occupants shall have access to the minimum
  number of exits required for the building
• Based on Table 1019.1
• Occupant load 1 500 2 exits
• Occupant load 501 1000 3 exits
• Occupant load Over 1000 4 exits
• Parking structures require 2 exits for every
  level. Vehicle ramps not considered exits.
• Exit Continuity
• Exits must be continuous from the point of entry
  to exit discharge.

175
Number of Exits and Continuity

• Table 1019.2
• Building with One Exit

• Buildings with one exit
• Based on Table 1019.2 with maximum 1 basement
  level
• Group R-3
• Single level building where the space served is a
  single means of egress space per 1015.1

176
Vertical Exit Enclosures (1020)

• Two hour fire barrier where connecting 4 or more
  stories. Otherwise one hour.
• 9 exceptions
• Openings limited to those required for egress and
  must be protected
• Penetrations limited to required exit doors,
  sprinkler service, and required services.

177
Vertical Exit Enclosures

• Ventilation independent of other systems and must
  connect directly to the exterior or be separated
  from the building.
• Exterior walls of interior stairs rated if
  exposed to the buildings exterior walls at angle
  lt 180
• Discharge must be identified clearly and have a
  barrier to keep occupants from passing it
• High-rise and underground buildings, a
  smoke-proof enclosure is required for stairs or
  stairs pressurized per 909.20

178
Exit Passageways (1021)

• Appear to be corridors, but part of an exit, same
  protection as enclosed exit stair
• Size as a corridor
• Fire Rating minimum 1 hour unless serving a 2
  hour stair
• Openings same as stair
• Penetrations same as stair

179
Horizontal Exits (1022)

• An egress path through a fire wall or barrier
  where occupants remain on the same level
• Cannot be the only exit.
• Not more than ½ of the total exits or exit width
• Two hour separation down to grade or supported on
  two hour floors and must extend from exterior
  wall to exterior wall
• Provide an area of refuge at 3 sf per occupant
  for both sides of exit

180
Exterior Exit Ramps and Stairways (1023)

• Use in a Means of Egress
• Group I-2 Not permitted
• Other Groups - lt 6 stories or lt 75 above fire
  department access
• Open on at least one side at each floor or
  landing to a yard, court or public way with
  minimum 35 SF opening
• Separated from building interior the same as
  interior stairs
• 4 exceptions

181
Exit Discharge (1024)

• Exits shall discharge to the exterior at grade or
  provide direct access to grade and shall not
  re-enter building
• 3 exceptions
• Up to 50 of number and capacity may discharge
  onto unobstructed, sprinklered floor areas
• Up to 50 of number and capacity may discharge
  into a 10 30 vestibule separated from the rest
  of the building
• Open parking stairs may discharge inside the
  building on the level of exit discharge

182
Exit Discharge

• Exit discharge location at least 10 from
  property lines and buildings
• Egress Courts
• Sized per 1005.1
• gt 44 wide and 84 tall
• Rated one hour unless at least 10 feet wide
• Access to Public Way
• Direct and unobstructed access to a public way
• Safe dispersal area provided at least 50 from
  the building

183
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184
Assembly (1025)

• Main Exit
• Occupant load gt 300
• Sized for at least 50 of total occupant load
• Other Exits
• Occupant load gt 300
• Sized at least 50 of total occupant load
• Foyers and Lobbies Group A-1
• Separated from the required egress aisles by
  fixed barriers

185
Emergency Escape and Rescue (1026)

• Group R and I-1at least one exterior emergency
  escape
• Basements
• Sleeping rooms below fourth story
• Seven exceptions
• Minimum size and height
• 5.7 sf and 24 high and 20 wide
• 44 max. above floor
• Window wells
• 3 3 minimum
• Ladder if over 44 deep

186
New in 2006

• Limits minimum SF/occupant to 7
• Reduced panic hardware threshold to 50
• Removed Area of Refuge exception for sprinklered
  buildings
• Increased common path of travel to 125 ft for
  NFPA 13 sprinklered Group R-2

187
IBC 2006 Chapter 16 Structural Design
188
Construction Documents (1603)

• Design Details
• Structural Members
• Size
• Section
• Relative location
• Dimensions
• Floor levels
• Column centers
• Offsets dimensioned

• Structural Loading
• Floor live loads
• Roof live loads
• Roof snow loads
• Wind design data
• Seismic design data
• Dead loads

189
Roof Live Loads (1603.1.1)

• Live loads
• Per Table 1607.1
• Partition Loads
• Live load lt 80 psf
• Additional load of 15 psf
• Dead loads
• Building material
• Permanent fixed equipment (i.e. mechanical
  equipment)

190
Roof Live Loads (1603.1.2)

• Live loads
• Per Table 1607.1
• Minimum of 20 psf
• Dead loads
• Building material
• Permanent fixed equipment (i.e. mechanical
  equipment)

191
Roof Snow Load (1603.1.3)

• Ground Snow Load - Pg
• Flat-Roof Snow Load - Pf
• Snow Exposure Factor - Ce
• Snow Load Importance Factor - I
• Thermal Factor - Ct

192
Wind Design Data (1603.1.3)

• Basic Wind Speed (3-sec gust)
• Wind Importance Factor
• Wind Exposure
• Internal Pressure Coefficient
• Component and Cladding (psf)

193
Earthquake Design Data (1603.1.5)

• Seismic Importance Factor I and Occupancy
  Category
• Mapped Spectral Response Acc. SS and S1
• Site Class
• Spectral Response Coefficients SDS and SD1
• Seismic Design Category
• Basic Seismic Force Resisting System
• Design Base Shear
• Seismic Response Coefficient CS
• Response Modification Factor
• Analysis Procedure Used

194
Flood Design Data (1603.1.6)

• For buildings in a Flood Hazard Area
• Not subject to wave action
• Elevation of lowest proposed floor including
  basement
• Elevation of non-residential building to be dry
  flood proofed
• Subject to wave action
• Elevation of lowest proposed structural member
  including basement

195
New for 2006

• Changed simplified wind load and seismic design
  procedures to ASCE 7 references
• Provided formula to convert Fastest Mile wind
  speeds to 3 Second Gust
• Reduced partition load to 15 psf

196
IBC 2006 Chapter 18 Soil Foundation
197
Foundation and Soils Investigations (1802)

• Where required
• Questionable soil
• Expansive soil
• Ground wat