CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND TISSUES

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CHAPTER 3 CELLS AND TISSUES
Microscope Lab Letter e
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Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
Did you hear?! QUIZ tomorrow on these structures
and functions!
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Anatomy of a Generalized Cell QUIZ
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VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.
1. Cells that connect body parts. A.
Fibroblast Elongated shape Fibrous Lots of
Rough ER Big Golgi Complex
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.
1. Cells that connect body parts. B.
Erythrocyte Red blood cells Carries
oxygen Concave shape provides extra
surface area to take on oxygen No organelles
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.

• Cells that cover and line body organs.
• Epithelial Cell
• Hexagonal shape
• Pack into sheets Intermediate
  filaments Resists tearing

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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.
3. Cells that move organs and body parts. A.
Skeletal and Smooth muscle cells. Elongated
shape Lots of contractile filaments
Flash Insane Feats of Strength
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.
Empty Cell
4. Cells that store nutrients. Fat
Cells Made of a cell that becomes filled with
a lipid droplet.
Filled Cell
Teenage Obesity 3000 http//player.discoveryeduca
tion.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId9F3F8962-C7F4-49F5-
8D7A-15C990C343D3blnFromSearch1productcodeUS
www.blobs.org
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do. REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and
descriptions found in text.

• Cells that fight disease
• Macrophage Cells
• Contain lots of lysosomes and use pseudopods
  (false feet) to capture disease units.

FlashMacrophage Cytokine Release
www.blobs.org
relfe.com
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do.

• Cells that gather information and control body
  functions.
• Nerve Cells (Neurons)
• Have long extensions called Processes that
  receive and send messages.

www.blobs.org
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Cell Diversity
There are seven primary types of cells found in
humans. These types are defined by what they
do.
7. Cells used for reproduction Egg Cells
(Oocyte) Female reproductive cell Sperm Cells
Male reproductive cell
www.blobs.org
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Membrane Transport
Solution homogeneous mixture of two or more
components. Solute the substance present in the
smallest amount in the solution. Example
Kool-Aid dissolved in Water Water is the
solvent. Kool-Aid is the solute. Intracellular
Fluid fluid within the cell Interstitial Fluid
fluid around the outside of the cell Contains
nutrients, regulatory substances like hormones,
salts, waste products. Each cell pulls what
it needs from the interstitial fluid and
deposits waste into the interstitial fluid.
Intracellular Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
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Membrane Transport

• Membrane is made of special kind of lipid
• phospholipids
• split personality
• Membrane is a double layer
• phospholipid bilayer

attracted to water
phosphate
lipid
repelled by water
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Membrane Transport
Semi-permeable membrane

• Cell membrane controls what gets in or out
• Need to allow some materials but not all to
  pass through the membrane
• semi-permeable (semi partly)
• only some materials can get in or out

So what needs to get across the membrane?
aa
H2O
lipids
salt
O2
sugar
waste
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Membrane Transport
Crossing the cell membrane

• What molecules can get through the cell membrane
  without doors or help?
• fats and oils can pass directly through

lipid
salt
waste
but what about other stuff?
aa
H2O
sugar
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Membrane Transport
Cell membrane protein channels

• Need to make doors through membrane
• protein channels allow substances in out
• specific channels allow specific material in
  out
• H2O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc.

inside cell
H2O
aa
sugar
salt
outside cell
waste
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Membrane Transport

• Channels are made of proteins
• proteins both like water like lipids

bi-lipid membrane
protein channelsin bi-lipid membrane
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Membrane Transport
Protein channels (cont.)

• Proteins act as open doors in the membrane
• channels to move specific molecules through cell
  membrane

HIGH
Sugar molecules
Concentration gradient
LOW
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Membrane Transport
Simple Diffusion

• Move from HIGH to LOW

Which way will these fat molecules move?
fat
fat
fat
inside cell
fat
fat
fat
LOW
HIGH
fat
outside cell
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
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Membrane Transport
Facilitated Diffusion

• Move from HIGH to LOW through a channel

sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
inside cell
sugar
sugar
LOW
Which way will sugar move?
HIGH
outside cell
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
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Membrane Transport
Filtration movement of water and solutes across
a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
usually exerted by the blood.
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Active transport

• Cells may need to move molecules against
  concentration gradient
• need to pump uphill
• from LOW to HIGH using energy
• Solute PUMP
• Requires ATP

ATP
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Membrane Transport
Bulk Transport Exocytosis movement of
substances OUT of the cell. Endocytosis
movement of substances INTO the cell.
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Movement of Water Across Cell Membrane
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Membrane Transport

• Osmosis
• diffusion of water from high concentration of
  WATER to low concentration of water
• across a semi-permeable membrane

High
Low
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Membrane Transport
Maintaining Homeostasis

• Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake
  water loss

freshwater
balanced
saltwater
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(No Transcript)
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Cell Processes
Mitosis Division of one cell into two identical
cells.
Interactive Mitosis http//www.cellsalive.com/mito
sis.htm
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Cell Processes
Protein Synthesis Processes that use DNA to
create proteins.
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Tissues groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function

• Characteristics
• 1. Fit closely together.
• Held together by desmosomes and tight junctions.
• Always have one free edge called the apical
  surface that is exposed to the bodys exterior or
  an organ cavity.
• Lower surface rests on a basement membrane which
  it secretes.
• Avascular No blood supply of their own.
• Regeneration ability to make more of themselves.

Epithelium (epithe covering) tissues of
linings, coverings or glands
Functions Protection Absorption Secretion
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Epithelium one layer of cells Stratified
Epithelium more than one layer of
cells Pseudostratified Epithelium one layer
that looks like two. Squamous flat Cuboidal
short cubes Columnar tall columns
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Squamous Epithelia

• Characteristics
• One layer.
• Look like floor tiles.
• Found in membranes where filtration or exchange
  of substances occurs.
• Examples
• Lining of air sacs in lungs.
• Walls of capilaries.
• Serosae slick membranes lining the body
  cavity and covering organs.

Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

• Characteristics
• One layer.
• Look like cubes packed together.
• Found in glands and ducts.
• Examples
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Kidney tubules

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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple Columnar Epithelia

• Characteristics
• One layer.
• Look like columns packed together.
• Found in body cavities.
• Goblet Cells produce lubricating mucus.
• Examples
• Digestive tract
• Mucosae lining of body cavities that open to
  exterior.

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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
cilia

• Characteristics
• One layer.
• Looks like two layers because some cells are
  shorter than others. (pseudo false)
• Functions in absorption and secretion.
• Some have cilia.
• Examples
• Respiratory tract

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Squamous Epithelia

• Characteristics
• Multiple layers.
• Most common stratified tissue.
• Cells at free edge are squamous. Cells at
  basement membrane can be columnar or cuboidal.
• Found where abuse or friction occurs.
• Examples
• Esophagus
• Mouth
• Outer skin

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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Stratified Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelia
Characteristics Multiple layers. Rare. Found in
ducts of large glands. Examples Salivary glands
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
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BODY TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Transitional Epithelia
Characteristics Multiple layers. Highly
modified. Forms lining of a few
organs. Examples Bladder Ureters Urethra
nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Cartilage tissue softer than bone, more
flexible.
Hyaline cartilage lots of collagen fibers
hidden by rubbery matrix that looks like glass
(hyalin glass). Function Larynx Ribs to
breastbone Ends of bones at joints Fetal bones
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Cartilage tissue softer than bone, more
flexible.
Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage highly
compressible cushionlike discs between
vertebrae. Function Vertebral cushioning
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Dense Connective/Fibrous tissue collagen matrix.
Fibroblasts fiber-forming cells between
collagen fibers. Strong, rope-like
structures. Tendon attaches skeletal muscles to
bones. Ligament attaches bones to
bones. Function Connections
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Areolar tissue

• Most widely distributed.
• Soft, pliable.
• Acts as a glue to hold organs together and in
  their places.
• Lamina propria areolar tissue that underlies
  all mucosa epithelium.
• Looks like mostly space (aerola small open
  space)
• Function Cushions and protects
• Absorbs waste materials

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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Commonly called FAT. Areolar tissue in which
fat cells predominate. Function Subcutaneous
layer under skin. Insulation Protection
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective tissue
Associated with reticular cells (similar to
fibroblasts). Function Forms Stroma
(framework) that supports free blood cells in
lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
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BODY TISSUES CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Types of Connective Tissue
Blood
Also called vascular tissue. Made of blood
cells surrounded by blood plasma
(fluid). Function Transports oxygen,
nutrients, water, etc.
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BODY TISSUES MUSCLE TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUE

• Highly Specialized to contract or shorten.
• Elongated.
• Also called muscle fibers.
• Function Produces movement.

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BODY TISSUES MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle

• connective sheets
• attached to skeleton
• voluntarily controlled
• cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate
  (many nuclei)
• Function Movement

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BODY TISSUES MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle

• Found only in heart.
• Has striations.
• Fit together at intercalated disks (like
  clasped fingers).
• Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely from
  cell to cell which produces electrical beat.
• Involuntary muscle.
• Function Pumps blood.

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BODY TISSUES MUSCLE TISSUES
Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle

• Also called visceral muscle.
• No striations.
• Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood
  vessels, uterus, etc.)
• Makes cavity of organ smaller or larger.
• Peristalsis wavelike motion that keeps food
  moving through the digestive system.
• Function Pushes substances through an organ
  along a specific pathway.

Peristalsis http//www.mennellmedia.co.uk/VideoPro
jects/Peristalsis/Peristalsis.html
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BODY TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES
Nervous Tissue

• Neurons cells making up nervous tissues.
• Neurons receive and conduct electrical impulses
  in the form of chemicals.
• Has supporting cells to help protect and
  insulate.
• FUNCTION
• Irritability and conductivity.

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TISSUE REPAIR
How tissue repair works Regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind
of cells. Fibrosis repair by the formation of
scar tissue. Scar tissue connective tissue
used for repair.
Method of repair depends on 1. type of tissue
damaged 2. severity of the injury
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Generally speaking, clean cuts (incisions) heal
better than ragged tears (lacerations).
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BODY TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES

• Wound healing
• Capillaries become permeable.
• Clotting agents enter wound area.

Refer to pg 85 Fig 3.21
http//adam.about.com/care/Blood-clotting-animatio
n.htm
3. Clot exposed to air forms a scab.
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BODY TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES

• Wound healing
• Granulation Tissue forms. (Pink tissue composed
  of mostly capillaries that grow into the
  damaged area.)
• Phagocytes in granulation tissue will dispose of
  clot and tissues that are no longer needed.

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BODY TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES
Wound healing 6. Fibroblasts synthesize
collagen fibers (scar tissue) to fill in the gap.
Matrix fibers (blue)Growth factors
(green) Smooth muscle protein (red)
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BODY TISSUES NERVOUS TISSUES

• Wound healing
• Surface epithelium regenerates under the scab.
• Scab detaches.
• New epithelium covers underlying scar tissue
  (scar tissue may be visible or not).
• NOTE Scar tissue cannot perform the function of
  the tissue it has replaced.

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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Life begins as a single cell
and that cell gives rise to a wide variety of
cells.
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Most cells (except neurons) continue to divide
until puberty. Skin and intestinal cells
regenerate continually. Liver cells will
regenerate as needed. Heart and nerve cells
become amitotic (cannot replace lost cells).
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Environmental factors can affect the aging
process.
Aging begins once maturity is reached.
Aging man http//www.dlwaldron.com/ageproganimat.h
tml
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Hyperplasia Hyperplasia of the vaginal area in a
canine. Hyperplasia of breast during pregnancy.
Other modifications of cells and tissue can occur
at any time. Neoplasm cells that fail to stop
multiplying Benign nonspreading Malignant
spreading Hyperplasia enlargement of
tissues/organs ex. Anemia leads to bone marrow
hyperplasia ex. Breast enlargement during
pregnancy
Hemangioma The large red mass within the tongue
most likely represents a benign neoplasm of blood
vessels--a "hemangioma." Hemorrhage is the most
common complication of such lesions
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
Atrophy decrease in size Can occur if the
tissue loses its normal stimulation.
Atrophied bone marrow due to osteoporosis.
Atrophied brain (left side) of patient with
Huntingtons disease.
A new locus for recessive distal spinal
muscular atrophy
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Canine Bone Repair 249 http//www.myvnn.com/page.
asp?id39media_type11story_id105
Anatomy in Action!
CSI Autopsy 355 http//video.nationalgeographic.
com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/hum
an-body/real-csi-sci.html
Assignment TXT pg 89 1-11TXT pg 90 At the
Clinic 1 and 3