Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins

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Chapter 26The Cold War Begins

• Section 2
• The Early Cold War Years

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Containing Communism

• February 22, 1946, diplomat George Kennan wrote
  the Long Telegram, a 5,540 word cable message
  explaining his views of Soviet goals.

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The Long Telegram

• Kennan discussed Russian insecurity and fear of
  the West and why it was impossible to reach an
  agreement.
• Proposed long-term containment of Russian
  expansion.
• This led to Trumans policy of containment
  keeping communism within its present territory
  through diplomatic, economic, and military
  actions.

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Crisis in Iran

• After WWII, Soviet troops remained in Iran.
• Helped set up separate Communist govt in
  northern Iran.
• U.S. demanded their withdrawal sent a
  battleship into the Mediterranean.
• Soviets withdrew from Iran.

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The Truman Doctrine

• March 12, 1947 Truman went before Congress to
  request 400 million to fight Soviet aggression
  in Greece and Turkey.
• Policy became known as the Truman Doctrine.
• Purpose was to stabilize the Greek govt and ease
  Soviet demands in Turkey.
• Our pledge to stop Communism.

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The Marshall Plan

• June 1947, Sec of State George C. Marshall
  proposed the European Recovery Program called the
  Marshall Plan.

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The Marshall Plan

• Plan would give European nations American aid to
  rebuild.
• Effort to fight hunger, poverty, and chaos.
• Soviets rejected the offer and developed their
  own economic program.
• Plan gave billions of dollars worth of supplies,
  machinery, and food to Western Europe, lessening
  the appeal of communism and opening new trade
  markets.

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The Berlin Crisis
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The Berlin Crisis

• 1948 U.S., Britain, France merged their zones
  in Germany, and Berlin to create West Germany in
  response to the Soviets attempt to harm Germanys
  economy.
• Soviet troops stopped all road and rail traffic
  to West Berlin, hoping to force Americans to
  renegotiate Germanys status or give up Berlin.

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The Berlin Crisis

• Truman then sent long range bombers with atomic
  weapons to bases in Britain.
• Also ordered the Berlin airlift.
• For 11 months, cargo planes supplied Berliners
  with food, medicine, and coal.
• Stalin lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949.

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NATO

• American public supported a military alliance
  with Western Europe.
• April 1949, The North Atlantic Treaty
  Organization (NATO), a mutual defense alliance,
  was created with initially 12 countries joining.
• 6 years later NATO allowed West Germany to rearm
  and join
• Soviets countered with the Warsaw Pact in Eastern
  Europe.

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The Cold War Spreads to East Asia

• In China, Communist forces and Nationalist forces
  had been battling since the late 1920s.
• Stopped warring during WWII, to prevent Japanese
  occupation.
• After WWII, the Nationalists were defeated after
  poor leadership caused the U.S. to stop sending
  aid.
• Oct. 1949 Communists set up the Peoples
  Republic of China.

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Mao Zedong

• Leader of the Nationalist forces.

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After the Fall

• China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of
  friendship and alliance.
• U.S. kept China out of the United Nations.
• U.S. adopted policies to encourage the quick
  recovery of Japans economy.
• The U.S. saw Japan as its key in defending Asia.

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The Korean War

• At end of WWII, American Soviet forces entered
  Korea to disarm Japanese troops stationed there.
• Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of
  latitude.
• Soviets controlled the North.
• Americans controlled the South.
• June 25, 1950 North invaded the South.

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The UN Intervenes

• Truman asked the UN to act against the invasion.
• American, UN, and South Korean troops pushed back
  advancing North Korean troops.
• Chinese govt saw this as a threat and demanded
  withdrawal.
• UN refused and China began a massive attack.

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Truman MacArthur

• MacArthur demanded approval to expand the war
  against China.
• Truman refused.
• MacArthur was fired for publicly criticizing the
  president.
• Truman was committed to a limited war.

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End of the Korean War

• By 1951 UN forces pushed back the Chinese and an
  armistice was signed July 1953.

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Changes in Policy

• Korean War was an important turning point in the
  Cold War.
• The U.S. began a major military buildup.
• The Korean War expanded the Cold War beyond
  Europe and into Asia.

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End of Section 2

• Next Section 3
• The Cold War and American Society