Section 3: European Footholds in Southeast Asia and India

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Section 3 European Footholds in Southeast Asia
and India
Chapter 15 The First Global Age
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• Setting the Scene
• In 1511, a Portuguese fleet commanded by Afonso
  de Albuquerque dropped anchor of Malacca, a rich
  Muslim trading port that controlled the sea route
  linking India, SE Asia, and China. Have you come
  in peace or in war? asked the sultan. Peace,
  replied Albuquerque. The goal of the Portuguese,
  however, was not peace, but conquest.
• The fleet remained at anchor for several weeks.
  Then they opened fire. They quickly took the
  city, killing its inhabitants and seizing its
  wealth. On the ruins of a mosque, Albuquerque
  built a fort. The sultan had fled, thinking the
  invaders would loot and leave. When he heard
  about the fort, he realized they had come to
  stay.
• Portugal was the first European power to gain a
  foothold in Asia. Their ships were small in size
  and number, but their unmatched superior
  firepower helped them win control of the spice
  trade and establish a trading empire in Asia.
  Other European nations would soon challenge
  Portugals control.

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• 1510 - the Portuguese seized Goa and made it into
  a major military and colonial base

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• Albuquerque ended Muslim dominance by burning
  coastal towns and sinking Arab fleets

Afonso "the Great" de Albuquerque - Builder of
Portugal's Eastern Empire
Albuquerques goal was to turn the Indian Ocean
into a Portuguese lake.
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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• 1511 - Albuquerque took Malacca, massacring
  Muslims and making the Europeans hated and feared

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• Within 50 years, the Portuguese built a trading
  empire of military and merchant outposts

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• Throughout the 1500s, Portugal controlled the
  spice trade but remained on the fringe of Asian
  trade

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• Lacking the ability to conquer empires in India
  and China, they sought permission to trade

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I. Portugal's Empire in the East

• Religious intolerance caused resentment - the
  Portuguese sank Muslim pilgrim ships, destroyed
  Hindu temples, and introduced the Inquisition

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II. Rise of the Dutch

• The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge
  Portuguese domination in Asia

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A. Sea Power

• 1599 - a Dutch fleet returned from Asia carrying
  a cargo of pepper, cloves, and other spices

The Return of the Dutch East India Fleet, 1 May
1599
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A. Sea Power

• Investors earned a 100 profit, leading to a
  frenzy of overseas activity

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A. Sea Power

• Dutch warships and trading vessels put the
  Netherlands in the forefront of European commerce

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A. Sea Power

• The Dutch used their sea power to set up colonies
  and trading posts around the world

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B. Dutch Dominance

• 1602 - a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed
  the Dutch East India Company

Dutch East India Company Verenigde Oostindische
Compagnie
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B. Dutch Dominance

• 1641 The Dutch captured Malacca from the
  Portuguese and opened trade with China

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B. Dutch Dominance

• The Dutch used military force to establish a
  monopoly over trade and shipping in the Spice
  Islands

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B. Dutch Dominance

• The Dutch forged closer ties with local rulers
  than the Portuguese, and many merchants married
  Asian women

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B. Dutch Dominance

• Trade made the Dutch wealthy but by the 1700s,
  England and France had taken over

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Section 3 European Footholds in Southeast Asia
and India
Chapter 15 The First Global Age
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III. Spain Seizes the Philippines

• Magellan claimed the Philippine archipelago in
  1521 within 50 years, Spain had colonized the
  islands

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III. Spain Seizes the Philippines

• The Philippines became a key link in Spain's
  overseas trading empire

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III. Spain Seizes the Philippines

• The Spanish shipped silver from Mexico and Peru
  to the Philippines and used it to buy goods in
  China

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IV. Mughal India and European Traders

• Before the 1700s, European traders made little
  impression on India

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A. Industry and Commerce

• India was the world leader in textile
  manufacturing and exported large quantities of
  silk and cotton cloth

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A. Industry and Commerce

• The Mughal empire, founded in 1526 by Babur, was
  larger, richer, and more powerful than any
  kingdom in Europe

Emperor Babur
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A. Industry and Commerce

• The Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French were
  permitted to build forts and warehouses in
  coastal towns

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B. Turmoil and Decline

• Conflicts between Hindu and Muslim princes and
  years of civil war drained Mughal resources

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B. Turmoil and Decline

• In the early 1700s, corruption became widespread
  and the government collapsed

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C. British-French Rivalry

• French and English trading companies made
  alliances with local officials and independent
  rajahs

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C. British-French Rivalry

• Each company organized its own army of sepoys, or
  Indian troops

Sepoys of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras armies
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C. British-French Rivalry

• By the mid-1700s, the British and French were
  fighting for global power

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C. British-French Rivalry

• War erupted in Europe in 1756 and spread to their
  colonies in Asia and the Americas

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C. British-French Rivalry

• Robert Clive of the British East India Company
  used an army of British troops and sepoys to
  drive the French from their trading posts

June 23 1757 Battle of Plassey, India. Robert
Clive commanding 700 English troops, 550 sailors,
1700 native troops, and 14 guns defeats Suraj,
the Nawab of Bengal, commanding 40000 cavalry,
60000 foot troops, 50 elephants, and 30 guns
served by French artillerists. Clives guns out
range those of his opponents, and the Bengalis
flee in panic after their cavalry are defeated.
The Nawab is later murdered by his own people.
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C. British-French Rivalry

• By the late 1700s, the British East India Company
  had become the de facto ruler of Bengal and
  influenced other parts of India