Henry VIII

1
Henry VIII

• The English Reformation

2
The War of the Roses

• Two branches of the Plantagenet royal family,
  Lancaster and York, broke out into conflict with
  one another for the throne of England.
• Lancaster (Red Rose)
• York(White Rose)
• Fighting continued on and off from 1455-1485.

3
The War of the Roses

• A Lancastrian claimant to the throne, Henry
  Tudor, eventually defeated the Yorkist king
  Richard III.
• He married Edward IVs daughter, Elizabeth of
  York, and unified both the houses of Lancaster
  and York.
• This began the Tudor dynasty which will continue
  to rule England for the next 117 years.

4
Henry VII

• Henry VIIs rule was constantly being challenged
  by rebellion and strife.
• He spent most of his rule asserting royal power
  and unifying his country.
• Henry VII strengthened monarchal power England
  and closely regulated governmental spending.
• Royal income rose from an annual average of
  52,000 to 142,000.
• Henry VII spent money shrewdly and left a full
  treasury on his death in 1509.

5
Henry VIII

• Henry VIII (1491-1547) became King of England in
  1509.
• He was described in his youth as being very
  athletic and highly intelligent.
• An observer noted that he speaks good French,
  Latin, and Spanish is very religious hears
  three masses daily when he hunted He is
  extremely fond of hunting, and never takes that
  diversion without tiring eight or ten horses He
  is also fond of tennis.

6
Henry VIII

• Henry was a staunch Roman Catholic and was given
  the title Defender of the Faith by the pope
  because of his attacks on Martin Luther.
• Henry inherited a stable realm and a full
  treasury from his father.
• Henry quickly became bored with governmental
  administration and allowed his Lord Chancellor,
  Thomas Wolsey, to tend to Englands affairs.

7
Thomas Wolsey

• Wolsey was a butchers son who rose through the
  ranks due to his skills and abilities.
• Henry eventually appointed Wolsey as a Cardinal
  which effectively allowed him to govern the
  Church of England.
• Wolsey grew extremely powerful in a few short
  years and the extent to which his power grew can
  best be seen in the palace he had built for
  himself Hampton Court.

8
Hampton Court Palace
9
Henrys Ambitions

• Henrys interest in foreign policy was focused on
  Western Europe.
• Henry became obsessed with waging war against his
  continental neighbors France, Spain, and the Holy
  Roman Empire.
• Through his family and marriage he was related to
  the kings of these different areas.
• Henry spent a huge amount of money on his wars
  and essentially emptied the treasury.

10
Military Spending

• Henry also invested in the navy, increasing the
  number of ships from 5 to 53.
• The flagship of this fleet was the Mary Rose.

11
The Beginning of Trouble

• Henry had married his brothers widow, Catherine
  of Aragon, in 1509.
• The couple produced only one surviving child
  Princess Mary.
• By the end of the 1520s, Catherine was in her
  forties and Henry was desperate for a son.

12
The Search for a Male Heir

• Henry desperately needed a son to solidify his
  familys rule over England.
• Being the second Tudor ruler he was in no
  position to hand the crown over to his daughter.
• Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn, the sister
  of one of his many mistresses.

13
Anne Boleyn

• Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn so that their
  union could produce a legitimate heir.
• He sought to get his marriage annulled by the
  Church because Catholic law does not permit
  divorce.
• The pope, fearing the reaction of the Holy Roman
  Emperor Charles V (Catherine's uncle,) would not
  grant Henry the annulment.
• Wolsey, who had rallied for Henrys cause, was
  dismissed by Henry for his failure and imprisoned
  (he later died in prison.)

14
Thomas Cromwell

• Henry then turned to Wolseys successor, Thomas
  Cromwell, to use his Parliamentary power to
  obtain the annulment Henry desired.
• The result was a series of Acts cutting back
  papal power and influence in England and bringing
  about the English Reformation.

15
The Acts

• The Act against Annates Threatened
  ecclesiastical revenues to the Pope
• The Act in Restraint of Appeals Forbade appeals
  to Rome
• The Act of Submission of the Clergy Church laws
  could only be passed with the kings consent
• The Act of Succession Kings were allowed to
  determine their heirs
• The Act of Supremacy Made Henry the only
  supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.

16
Thomas Cranmer

• Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as the new
  Archbishop of Canterbury.
• In May 1533 Cranmer declared Henrys marriage as
  invalid and a week later Anne Boleyn was crowned
  queen.
• While Cromwell used the power of Parliament to
  increase Henrys power, Thomas Cranmer
  manipulated church law to grant Henry his
  annulment.

17
Romes Reaction

• The pope responded to Henrys actions by
  excommunicating him.
• Henrys policies forced his followers to choose
  between the king and the pope those who opposed
  Henry were executed.
• The most famous of these men killed was the Grand
  Chancellor Sir Thomas More who was beheaded in
  1535 for treason.

18
Monastic Life

• Another victim of Henrys policies was the
  monasteries and convents of England.
• Henry claimed the land holdings of these
  monasteries for the crown and sold them off to
  the highest bidder.
• This generated a huge source of revenue for the
  crown which was quickly spent on new palaces and
  wars.
• The large number of displaced monks and nuns
  created a growing Catholic population who hated
  Henry.

19
Anne Boleyn

• Henrys second marriage to Anne Boleyn produced
  only one heir Princess Elizabeth.
• When Anne failed to produce a male child Henry
  had her tried for treason and beheaded.
• In 1537, Henry married his third wife Jane
  Seymour who gave birth to Prince Edward VI.
• Jane died twelve days after the birth.

20
More Marriages

• Henry married three more times after the death of
  Jane Seymour
• Anne of Cleves (divorced)
• Henrys failed marriage to Anne manufactured
  Cromwells downfall he was arrested and
  executed.
• Katherine Howard (beheaded on grounds of
  adultery)
• Catherine Parr (who survived)
• None of these subsequent marriages produced any
  more children.

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To Recap

• Wife 1 Catherine of Aragon (divorced)
• Wife 2 Anne Boleyn (beheaded)
• Wife 3 Jane Seymour (died)
• Wife 4 Anne of Cleves (divorced)
• Wife 5 Katherine Howard (beheaded)
• Wife 6 Catherine Parr (survived)

22
Henrys Later Life

• Henry made sure that his sole male heir, Edward,
  received the best Protestant education possible.
• He essentially disowned his Catholic daughter
  Mary and mostly ignored his other daughter
  Elizabeth.
• The last years of Henrys life were spent
  campaigning against the French.
• He quickly squandered all forms of income on
  pointless wars, plunged the crown into steep
  debt, and inflated the national currency.

23
Henrys Death

• Henry died in London on January 28, 1547.
• Henry suffered from gout, morbid obesity, genetic
  deformities, and diabetes.

24
Henrys Legacy

• Henry left behind a country in shambles.
• His wars and wasteful spending left his country
  nearly bankrupt.
• His religious changes created a large rift
  between the Catholic and Protestants in his
  country.
• He left behind only one sickly male heir and two
  daughters who were declared illegitimate.
• None of Henrys children would produce any
  offspring.
• Henrys policies radically changed royal power in
  England and established the Anglican Church.