Genetic Technologies:

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Chapter 19 Genetic Technologies Amplifying,
Modifying, and Monitoring DNA
Melody Audet Wil Fakaosita Eresalem Ocbazgi
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The use or alteration of cells or biological
molecules for specific applications
Biotechnology -
Yeast for fermenting
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Genetic Engineering
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Specifically the manipulation of genetic material.
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Transgenic Species -
Organisms that harbor DNA from other species
and their DNA is called
A series of alleles that differs from that of
either parent
Recombinant DNA -
Tomato grown in salt water Bacteria producing
insulin
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Controversy
Because most genetic mixing done in laboratories
would not happen in nature, many people are
against the idea
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Patents
To obtain a patent, transgenic organisms must be
new, useful, and not obvious (U.S Patent Act)
With all the new technology patenting DNA is
becoming a problem
Problems with status also occur. Is the patent
for the BRCA1 cancer gene including diagnostics
valid for a mutation of the gene in France? If
so, the patients could end up paying the owner of
the patent along with normal hospital bills.

• Also Patents for
• Parts of Human
• Genome
• Gene Variants

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Mass producing a DNA sequence
Amplifying DNA -
The most commonly used process is Kary Mullis
polymerase chain reaction ( PCR )
http//www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html
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How to make Recombinant DNA
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...Using Plasmid
Small circle of double stranded bacteria DNA
which allows for the transfer of DNA from one the
cell of one species to another
Plasmid -
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Bioremediation

• can be defined as any process that uses
  microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their
  enzymes to return the environment altered by
  contaminants to its original condition.
  Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific
  soil contaminants, such as degradation of
  chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example
  of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil
  spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate
  fertilizers to facilitate the decomposition of
  crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.
• (reference Bioremediation-Wikipedia)

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Gene Targeting

• In gene targeting, homologous recombination is
  used to inactivate a gene in ES cells. An ES cell
  line is an embryonic stem cell line isolated from
  a preimplantation mouse embryo. When ES cells are
  injected into a host embryo, they contribute to
  the formation of an adult mouse. The extremely
  rare recombination events of gene targeting can
  be selected from large numbers of ES cells
  through the use of genes conferring drug
  resistance and sensitivity. (ref ..targeting.
  html)

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Monitoring Gene Function

• There are three major uses of DNA microarrays.
  cDNA are applied in gene expression profiling.
  DNA variation screening detects mutations and
  SNPs. Microarray comparative genomic
  hybridization tracks deletions and amplifcations.

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Gene Expression Microarrays Track the Aftermath
of Spinal Cord Injury

• Gene expression profiling reveals how fast
  healing begins.
• A microarry is a piece of glass or plastic that
  is about 1.5 cm sq-smaller than a postage stamp.
• Comparisons with a normal control.

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Sources

1. Lewis, Ricki (2007). Human Genetics Concepts and
   Application. New York, NY McGraw Hill.
2. Pepstrik, Amanda (2006). Recombinant DNA.
   Retrieved March 6, 2007 from http//users.rcn.com/
   jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/RecombinantDNA
   .html
3. DLC (2007). Polymerase Chain Reaction. Retrieved
   March 4, 2007 from http//www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/res
   ources/pcr.html
4. Handerson, John (2006). DNA Microarray. Retrieved
   March 7, 2007 from http//www.bio.davidson.edu/Cou
   rses/genomics/chip/chip.html