Imperatives

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Unit 11
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Imperatives

• Another verbal mood in Greek is the Imperative
  mood.
• Imperative mood expresses commands.
• Tense of the imperative mood expresses aspect
  only, like subjunctives, optatives, and
  infinitives.
• The imperative only occurs only in the second and
  third persons.

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Present Imperative - Active

• -e
• -et?
• -ete
• -??t??

• ß???e
• ßa???t?
• ß???ete
• ßa????t??

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Present Imperative Mid/Passive

• -?? lt -es?
• -es??
• -es?e
• -es???

• ß?????
• ßa???s??
• ß???es?e
• ßa???s???

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Contract Verbs Present Imperative

• The three types of contract verbs (a, e, ?) form
  their imperatives by using the same endings and
  following the normal rules of contraction.
• This is true both for the active and
  middle/passive forms.
• t?µ? (t?µ???)
• t?µ??t?? (t?µa??t??)
• t?µ?s??? (t?µa?s???)

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1st Aorist Imperative - Active

• -??
• -at?
• -ate
• -a?t??

• ??????
• ??a??t?
• ????ate
• ??a???t??

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1st Aorist Imperative - Middle

• -a?
• -as??
• -as?e
• -as???

• ????a?
• ??a??s??
• ????as?e
• ??a??s???

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2nd Aorist Imperative - Active

• -e
• -et?
• -ete
• -??t??

• ß??e
• ßa??t?
• ß??ete
• ßa???t??

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2nd Aorist Imperative - Middle

• -??
• -es??
• -es?e
• -es???

• ßa???
• ßa??s??
• ß??es?e
• ßa??s???

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Aorist Imperative - Passive

• ?t? (???)
• ?t?
• ?te
• e?t??

• ???f?t?
• ??af?t?
• ???f?te
• ??af??t??

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Commnads Summary

• PERSON
• Subjunctive (Hortatory)
• Imperative
• Imperative

• Many commands in both the hortatory subjunctive
  and the imperative are preceeded by idiomatic
  statements like ??e, ??ete, f??e, ???, e? d??e.
  All mean come on.

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Prohibitions Summary

• PERSON PROGRESSIVE/REPEATED SIMPLE
• 1 µ? Present Subj. µ? Aor. Subj.
• (Hortatory) (Hortatory)
• 2 µ? Present Imperative µ? Aor. Subj.
• (Prohibitive)
• 3 µ? Present Imperative µ? Aor. Subj.
• (Prohibitive)

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t?

• This word is used in Greek both as an adjective
  and a pronoun.
• It functions as an adjective in the attributive
  position.
• It functions as a adjective in the predicate
  position.
• It is a personal pronoun for the third person
  when used independently.

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t?

• a?t?? a?t? a?t?
• a?t?? a?t?? a?t??
• a?t? a?t? a?t?
• a?t?? a?t?? a?t?
• a?t?? a?ta? a?t?
• a?t?? a?t?? a?t??
• a?t??? a?ta?? a?t???
• a?t??? a?t?? a?t?

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t? - Attributive

• In the attributive position, it functions as an
  adjective.
• The English translation will be the same.
• ? a?t?? p???t??
• the same poet
• t? a?t? p???µa
• the same thing/issue/event/problem

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t? - Intensive

• In the predicate position, it functions as an
  intensive adjective.
• The English translation will be -self or
  personally.
• It may modify an unexpressed subject of a verb.

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t? - Intensive

• ? p???t?? a?t??
• the poet himself/personally
• t? p???µa a?t?
• the thing/issue/event/problem itself

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a?t??, a?t?, a?t? - Pronoun

• When it does not modify another word it is
  serving as the third person pronoun.
• In classical Attic, it will not appear in the
  nominative in this use.
• him, her, it, his, hers, its, etc.
• a?t??? a??a? ???saµe?
• We sacrificed goats to them.

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Temporal Clauses

• Temporal clauses are dependent clauses which
  express a relationship in time between the action
  within the clause and the action of the main
  sentence.
• As usual, the action of a main clause can be
  past, present, or future.
• The action of a dependent clause will then be
  prior, simultaneous, or subsequent.

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Temporal Clauses

• Like conditional statements, temporal clauses are
  the dependent protasis, and the main clause is
  the independent apodosis.
• Temporal clause protasis
• Main clause apodosis

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Temporal Clauses

• Past Definite (past tense indicative)
• Prior ?pe?, ?pe?d? past tense indicative
• Simultaneous ?te aorist or imperfect ind.
• Present General (present indicative)
• Prior ?pe?d?? aorist subj.
• Simultaneous ?ta? present or aorist subj.

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Temporal Clauses

• Past General (imperfect indicative)
• Prior ?pe?, ?pe?d? aorist optative
• Simultaneous ?te present or aorist optative
• Future More Vivid (future indicative)
• Prior ?pe?d?? aorist subj.
• Simultaneous ?ta? present or aorist subj.