Advances in Urban Air Quality in Asia and Sri Lanka

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Advances in Urban Air Quality in Asia and Sri
Lanka
Sophie Punte, Deputy Executive Director
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia)
Center
28 September 2007 Third National Symposium on Air
Resource Management in Sri Lanka
Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia
Program
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Status of Urban Air Quality in Asia
Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, mg/m3 (1993
to 2005)

• Overall ambient air quality trend in Asia
  continues to improve despite increase in
  motorization and energy use
• Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are
  improving
• Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue
  to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines
• Ambient SO2 in Asia exceeds revised (2005) WHO
  2005 guidelines for SO2
• NO2 close to guidelines
• Insufficient information on O3 for reliable
  trend analysis
• Very little monitoring of VOCs and Heavy Metals.

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Annual Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10
WHO 2005 IT-1
WHO 2005 IT-2
WHO 2005 IT-3
WHO 2005
USEPA
EU
No annual ambient air quality standards, only
24-hour limits
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Sri Lanka Ambient AQ standards

• Ambient AQ standards in Sri Lanka were
  established in 1994.
• Update in line with WHO 2005 recommended
• NO2 in Colombo is within the WHO guidelines,
  although there are no annual guidelines set
• PM10 is a problem in Sri Lanka
• How about PM2.5 ?

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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (1)
WHO 2005 Guideline Value for Annual Average of
PM10 20 µg/m3
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (2)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (3)
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PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian
Cities vs WHO (4)
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Where is Asia in terms of AQM?

• Cities with high economic development tend to
  have well-developed AQM systems
• Benchmarking of AQM capability to set priorities
  and develop strategies
• Colombo better than some neighbor capitals

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AQM in Sri Lanka some observations

• Monitoring
• Limited monitoring capabilities
• Practice of reporting air quality (as API) is
  commendable
• AQM network
• Strong AQM community linked with Ministry
• Annual AQM conference is unique
• Significant improvement expected with
  implementation of Clean Air Plan
• What about Kandy and other cities in Sri Lanka?

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Clean Air Action Plan 2015 - Strengths

• Detailed analysis of current situation and issues
• Stakeholders consulted in development of plan
• Main air quality topics covered
• Comprehensive and concrete action plan

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Clean Air Action Plan 2015 - Opportunities

• Interim targets for air pollutants, considering
  WHO guidelines
• Leap-frogging fuel standards

Euro 3?
Euro 1
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Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles
(as of May 2007)
Notes Italics under discussion a gasoline b
diesel c Entire country d Delhi, Chennai,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hydrabad, Agra,
Surat, Pune, Kanpur, Ahmedabad, Sholapur,
Lucknow Other cities in India are in Euro 2 e
Beijing and Guangzhou (as of 01 September 2006)
have adopted Euro 3 standards Shanghai has
requested the approval of the State Council for
implementation of Euro 3 f Euro 4 for gasoline
vehicles and California ULEV standards for diesel
vehicles g Gasoline vehicles under consideration
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Clean Air Action Plan 2015 - Opportunities

• Industry involvement
• Relatively small number of large industries but
  large number of SMEs
• Strong industry networks / associations
• Identification of stakeholders (apart from
  responsible agency)
• Implications
• Their roles in implementing actions
• Benefits for stakeholders whats in it for them?

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Clean Air Action Plan 2015 - Opportunities

• Link with related issues / policies will enhance
  effective implementation
• Climate change
• Energy management
• Transport
• Integration in urban planning for holistic
  solutions
• Link with economic development targets

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Can Sri Lanka de-link development and pollution?
Level of Air Pollution
Level of Development/Time
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Factors that can skew Kuznets for air pollution

• Technology transfer delay or rapid advancement
• Annual AQ standards being less stringent than
  USEPA standards, EU limits and WHO values
• Gaps in implementation and enforcement of
  existing legislation
• Incomplete or unreliable emissions inventories,
  which lead to ineffective actions
• Transboundary and hemispheric transport which
  cant be addressed by a city AQM
• Strong public demand for cleaner air/resources

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Economic Growth and Emissions Decline US
experience
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Economic Growth and Air Pollution Trend Asia
Electricity Generation, 129
I NCREASE
This graph is using linear trendline
Energy Consumption, 79
GDP (constant 1990), 65
GDP per cap, 45
Urban population share, 25
NO2, - 14
DECREAS E
PM10, - 20
TSP, - 25
SO2, - 32
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CAI-Asia Mission

• Promote and demonstrate innovative ways to
  improve the air quality of Asian cities through
  partnerships and sharing experiences

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CAI-Asia Partnership Membership
CITIES Dhaka, Bangladesh Chittagong,
Bangladesh Phnom Penh, Cambodia Chengdu,
China Chongqing, China Hangzhou, China Harbin,
China Guangzhou, China Tianjin, China Hyderabad,
India Mumbai, India Pune, India Jakarta,
Indonesia Surabaya, Indonesia Yogyakarta,
Indonesia Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Kathmandu,
Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Islamabad, Pakistan MMDA,
Philippines Makati, Philippines Naga,
Philippines Singapore NEA Colombo, Sri
Lanka Bangkok, Thailand Chang Mai,
Thailand Haiphong, Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam
56 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

• Government Agencies
• Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board
• Balochistan EPA, Pakistan
• Central Pollution Control Board, India
• Department of Energy, Philippines
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources
  (DENR), Philippines
• Department of Environment, Bangladesh
• Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment,
  India
• Department of Transportation and Communications,
  Philippines
• Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh
• Environmental Management Bureau (EMB),
  Philippines
• Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of the
  Environment, Japan
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
  Afghanistan

• Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong
  SAR (EPD)
• Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan
• Ministry of Environment, Cambodia
• Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
• Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia
• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
• Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
  (Pak-EPA)
• Pollution Control Department (PCD), Thailand
• SUPARCO
• Sindh Environmental Protection Agency
• State Environmental Protection Administration
  (SEPA)
• Vietnam Register

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development
Bank German Agency for Technical Cooperation
(GTZ) Government of Finland Government of
Japan Government of Norway Government of the
Netherlands Hewlett Foundation IUCN - The World
Conservation Union Sida The World
Bank USAID/USAEP United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Shell ASSOCIATE
PRIVATE SECTOR Member Asian Clean Fuels
Association (ACFA) Corning Incorporated
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CAI-Asia Local Networks
Mongolia
Buthan
ChinaChinese Research Academy for Environmental
Sciences
NepalClean Energy Nepal
Viet NamSwiss-Vietnamese Clean Air Partnership
PakistanIUCN
Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership
India
PhilippinesManila Observatory
Sri LankaAir Quality Management Center
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Thailand
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Where CAI-Asia may help

• Access to knowledge / experts from other
  countries
• Networking opportunities
• Joint projects / studies / fund-raising
• Comparison with other countries is Sri Lanka on
  track?
• Bridge gap between donor priorities and Sri
  Lankan priorities

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Conclusions (2)
For more information CAI-Asia CenterUnit 3510,
35th floorRobinson-Equitable TowerADB Avenue,
Pasig CityMetro Manila, Philippines 1605 Cornie
Huizenga (cornie.huizenga_at_cai-asia.org) Sophie
Punte (sophie.punte_at_cai-asia.org) Herbert Fabian
(herbert.fabian_at_cai-asia.org) www.cleanairnet.org/
caiasia