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POINT OF ENTRY POINT OF USE BOTTLED WATER

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POE/POU/Bottled Water ... POE/POU/Bottled Water. POU devices are listed as compliance technologies for: ... POE/POU/Bottled Water. Other POE requirements under ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: POINT OF ENTRY POINT OF USE BOTTLED WATER


1
POINT OF ENTRYPOINT OF USEBOTTLED WATER
  • Gary Carlson
  • Drinking Water Program
  • EPA Region 8

2
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • SDWA Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii) identifies
    Point-Of-Entry (POE) and Point-Of-Use (POU)
    devices as options for compliance technologies
    to
  • - comply with an MCL under certain circumstances

3
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Section 1412(b)(4)(E) of the 1996 Amendments to
    the Safe Drinking Water Act is amended by adding
  • The Administrator (EPA) shall not include in
    the list of technologies for small systems any
    point-of-use treatment technology, treatment
    technique, or other means to achieve compliance
    with a maximum contaminant level or treatment
    technique requirement for a microbial contaminant
    (or an indicator of a microbial contaminant)

4
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Coliforms are microbial contaminants.
  • Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium are
    protozoans.

5
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POE - treatment device applied to the drinking
    water entering a house or building for the
    purpose of reducing contaminants in the drinking
    water distributed throughout the house or
    building

6
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POU- treatment device applied to a single tap
    used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in
    drinking water at that one tap
  • - typically installed at the kitchen tap

7
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POE and POU devices shall be owned, controlled,
    and maintained by the public water system or by a
    person under contract with the public water
    system
  • - to ensure proper operation and maintenance
  • - to ensure compliance with the MCL or
    treatment technique
  • SDWA Amendments Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii)

8
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POE/POU device must be equipped with mechanical
    warnings to ensure that customers are
    automatically notified of operational problems
  • SDWAA Section 1412(b)(4)(E)(ii)

9
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Other requirements for POE/POU devices
  • - must be certified according to product
    standards of the American National Standards
    Institute (if issued)
  • Former prohibition of POU devices lifted on June
    11, 1998
  • - Federal Register notice deleted the
    prohibition on the use of POU device as
    compliance technology

10
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POU devices are listed as compliance technologies
    for
  • - inorganic contaminants
  • - synthetic organic contaminants
  • - radionuclides
  • POU devices are not listed as compliance
    technologies for volatile organic contaminants
  • - not all routes of exposure are addressed

11
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POE devices are still considered emerging
    technologies
  • - due to waste disposal and cost consideratio
    ns
  • POE units are relatively expensive, and not
    likely an affordable technology for small systems
  • Waste disposal issues remain
  • - disposal of brine or concentrate stream

12
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Adequate corrosion control
  • Additionally, EPA needs to investigate if the
    usage of a limestone contactor after a reverse
    osmosis unit will be adequate for corrosion
    control of internal plumbing

13
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • POE treatment as a centrally managed treatment
    option was considered by EPA
  • - however, Agency feels POE application for
    addressing microbial contamination would be very
    limited due to the concern for disinfecting water
    properly (following filtration) and the
    complexity of monitoring POE systems individually
  • POE devices are included on an updated list in
    Federal Register

14
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Other POE requirements under 40 CFR 141.100
  • - Public water system must develop and obtain
    State approval for a monitoring plan before POE
    devices are installed for compliance
  • - POE devices must provide health protection
    equivalent to central water treatment

15
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Other POE requirements under 40 CFR 141.100
    contd
  • - Effective technology must be properly
    applied under a plan approved by the State and
    the microbiological safety of the water must be
    maintained.

16
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Other POE requirements under 40 CFR 141.100
    contd
  • - The State must require adequate
    certification of performance, field testing, and,
    if not included in the certification process, a
    rigorous engineering design of the POE device.

17
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Other POE requirements under 40 CFR 141.100
    contd
  • - Design and application of POE must consider
    possibility of increased heterotrophic bacteria
    concentrations in water treated with activated
    carbon
  • - All consumers shall be protected. Every
    building connected to the system must have a POE
    installed, maintained, and adequately monitored

18
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Technologies amenable to POE/POU scale treatment
    include
  • - activated alumina to remove fluoride,
    arsenic, selenium, silica, and natural organic
    matter
  • - granular activated carbon has a large
    sorption capacity for many water impurities,
    including synthetic organic contaminants
    (SOCs), taste and odor causing compounds, and
    some species of mercury

19
POE/POU/Bottle Water
  • Technologies amenable to POE/POU scale treatment
    cont.
  • - reverse osmosis is a highly efficient
    removal process for inorganic ions, and some
    organic contaminants
  • - ion exchange (anion) resins selectively
    remove anionic species such as nitrate,
    fluoride
  • - ion exchange (cation) resins are used to
    remove undesired cations from water and
    exchange them for protons (H), sodium ions
    (Na) or potassium ions (K)

20
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Technologies amenable to POE/POU scale treatment
    contd
  • - air stripping (aeration) involves the
    continuous contact of air with the water being
    treated
  • - aeration sweeps contaminants such as
    volatile organic chemicals, taste-and-odor-
    causing compounds, and radon from the water
  • - many common types of aeration systems

21
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Prior to installing POE/POU units, water system
    operators should evaluate the units for treatment
    efficacy and efficiency
  • If device employs cartridges (GAC and activated
    alumina), pilot testing is recommended to
    determine service life for systems particular
    source water
  • RO may only require confirmation of membrane
    fouling not being a problem

22
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • Effective operation, monitoring, and maintenance
    are vital to the successful use of POE/POU
    treatment units
  • - a routine monitoring program is necessary
    to confirm that the operation and maintenance
    is adequate and that the treated water meets
    drinking water standards
  • Proper installation of any device is also
    essential

23
POE/POU/Bottled Water
  • 40 CFR 141.101 Use of bottled water, has been
    revised to read as follows
  • Public water systems shall not use bottled
    water to achieve compliance with an MCL. Bottled
    water may be used on a temporary basis to avoid
    unreasonable risk to health.
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