Rise of Dictators

1
Rise of Dictators

• Hitler
• Mussolini
• Japan

2
Great Depression

• The cost of World War One was devastating
• About 180 billion was spent on the war
• About 150 billion was spent on rebuilding
• Most countries had never had experienced this
  type of massive spending ever in history

3
Great Depression

• Many nations needed to look to capitalistic
  nations for money to rebuild or to pay off debts
• Britain which had once been the financial center
  of the world was now basically broke
• The United States now became the financial
  center-The United States now began to loan money
  to Europe

4
Great Depression

• Many countries relied on loans and credit from
  the United States
• This was evident in loans like the Dawes Plan

5
Great Depression

• Dawes Plan-1923
• The Dawes Plan was used to help Germany get out
  of its inflationary state in 1923
• The United States gives Germany a 200 million
  dollar loan
• Germany is also given a realistic time frame to
  the debts
• The German economy recovers
• German factories begin producing goods at the
  same rate as before the war
• People invest in German factories and goods
• Germany recovers
• HOWEVER-Germany still needed to pay back the 200
  million in loans

6
Great Depression

• Two countries that heavily relied on the credit
  and loans of the United States were France and
  Germany
• France had a large debt due to loaning Russia
  large sums of money during the war
• The Bolsheviks refused to pay France the loaned
  money saying that they were not responsible for
  the loans

7
Great Depression

• Germany
• In the Treaty of Versailles Germany had to bore
  the burden of paying the reparations for the
  war-especially to France
• Germany looked to U.S. credit to pay its debts
  (Like paying one credit card debt with another
  credit card)

8
Great Depression
Germany gets credit from The U.S. to pay debts To
France
France takes the payments from Germany backed by
U.S. credit
From 1924 to 1929 everything worked well U.S. and
European economies grew
France rebuilds its economy based on
German payments of U.S. credit
However everything was based on credit (we are
good for the money idea)
In 1929 everything fell apart the loans would
never be repaid
9
Great Depression

• In October 1929 the U.S. stock market also based
  on credit crashed
• American banks stopped extending
  credit-especially high risk European nations-like
  France

10
Great Depression

• The effect was that the U.S. and Europe ran out
  of money
• The U.S. and Germany were hit the hardest
• In each country 1/3 of the workforce was
  unemployed
• In each country the dominate political party was
  rejected
• U.S.-Republicans were out
• Germany-Conservative Democratic Republic were out

11
Great Depression

• While the world had seen depressions and
  recessions in the past what made the Great
  Depression unprecedented was its duration
• Most countries only recovered after a decade with
  the start of World War Two production

12
Great Depression

• Economic hardship lead to radical political
  changes in Europe
• Countries like Germany and Italy did not have a
  long tradition of democratic traditions-They had
  more experience with monarchies
• People wanted a government to solve their
  economic problems-No matter what type of
  government it was!

13
Reasons for Dictators

• The depression in Europe gave rise to the
  dictators in Spain, Italy and Germany.
• People lost hope in democracies and wanted a
  strong leader to correct the problems.
• Strong leaders promised solutions to the problems
  in their countries.

14
Mussolinis Italy
15
Fascism

• A political movement that promotes
• Extremely Right-wing
• Extreme Nationalism
• Often based on racism
• Imperialism
• Dictatorial government
• Denial of individual rights
• One party system
• The main idea of Fascism is
• Destroy the will of the individual in favor of
  the people

16
Fascism
Blind Loyalty To the leader
State controlled economy
Strong Military
Fascism
Use of Violence and Terror
Extreme Nationalism
Use of Censorship Propaganda
17
Fascism

• Fascism differs from Stalins totalitarian
  government in that Stalin was seen as a extreme
  left-wing
• Stalin sought to destroy the traditional
  institutions- i.e.-church
• Stalin further sought to destroy the class system
• Mussolini and the Fascist with their extreme form
  of nationalism sought to build up the class
  system in Italy

18
The Rise of Mussolini

• Italy after World War I
• The Treaty of Versailles gave away land that had
  been promised to Italy by Britain and France.
• Italys economy was slow
• Men could not find work
• Trade was slow
• Taxes were high (pay for the war)
• Workers went on strike

19
(No Transcript)
20
Mussolini

• In 1919 Mussolini created the National Fascist
  Party
• Party squads known as Blackshirts were paid to
  fight with the socialist and communist
• The destruction of the socialist and communist
  parties lead to the support of the factory owners
  and the land owners
• With this support Mussolini and his party members
  were elected to the Italian Parliament

21
The Rise of Mussolini

• Benito Mussolini
• Mussolini took advantage of the unrest and
  economic problems in Italy to force King Victor
  Emmanuel III to appoint him to a key cabinet post

22
The Rise of Mussolini

• Mussolini used his Blackshirts to march on Rome
  and the King gave into Mussolini and appointed
  him prime Minster

23
The Rise of Mussolini

• By 1922 the Fascist and Mussolini were in power.
• They used violence and terror to win elections.
• Once in power Mussolini ended
• Free elections
• Free speech
• Free Press

24
The Rise of Mussolini

• By 1926 Mussolini had killed off many of his
  political opponents
• Democracy was ended in Italy-Mussolini was now
  the totalitarian dictator of Italy
• Italy now turned to a policy of expansion

25
Class Question

• In some countries Fascism was regarded as a
  possible alternative to democratic and
  parliamentary government
• Why

26
Hitlers Germany
27
Class Question

• Without the Great Depression there is no Hitler
• Yes or no-Why or why not

28
The Rise of Hitler

• Germany after World War I
• The Kaiser stepped down
• A democratic government called the Weimar
  Republic took over
• Leader of this government was Paul Hindenburg
• The Weimar Rep. was weak
• Inflation caused a major economic problem
• People were poor

29
Wiemar Republic

• Wiemar Republic
• As soldiers returned home from World War One many
  were upset over the harsh conditions of the
  Treaty of Versailles
• Workers and soldiers began to form councils in
  cities like Berlin to discuss the current state
  of Germany
• Out of these councils grew political groups

30
Wiemar Republic

• Germany was also experiencing an economic crisis
• 33 billion dollars in war reparations
• The collapse of the once prosperous German
  economy
• Many looked to a strong conservative democratic
  republic-The Wiemar Republic

31
Wiemar Republic

• The Wiemar Republic
• Paul von Hindenberg a German war hero became
  president of the government
• However Hindenberg was not a good choice for a
  leader-He was not in favor of the republic

32
Wiemar Republic

• The new republic faced a serious economic
  problems
• The Wiemar Republic to meet the economic problems
  began printing money causing severe inflation
• There was a time of prosperity in Germany from
  about 1925-1929 when there was an easing of the
  debt payments and Germany was able to borrow
  money from the U.S. to repay debts-This was to be
  short lived
• Finally the Wiemar Republic was seen as the
  government that had signed the Treaty of
  Versailles

33
Germany and The Great Depression

• The loss of World War One after coming close to
  winning
• The inflation of 1923 which had wiped out the
  savings of most middle class German families
• Finally the Great Depression of 1929 caused more
  misery and unemployment than in any other country
  in the world
• Some in Germany had enough with democracy

34
(No Transcript)
35
The Rise of Hitler

• Germany needed a leader who could fix the
  economic problems and restore pride in Germany.
• Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party promised to fix
  Germany.

36
The Rise of Hitler

• In 1921 Hitler becomes head of the German Workers
  Party (GWP)
• The GWP later becomes the National Socialist
  German Workers (Nazi)
• In 1933 Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany.
• By 1934 Hitler was dictator of Germany

37
German Workers PartyStart of the Nazi Party

• In 1919, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder and
  Dietrich Eckart formed the German Worker's Party
  (GPW) in Munich.
• The German Workers Party was upset over Germany
  being blamed for World War One.
• The party also blamed the Wiemar Government and
  the Jews for Germany accepting defeat.
• The party also focused on creating a pure blood
  Germany free of all non Germans like the Jews and
  the Poles.

38
NSDAP/Nazi Party

• In April, 1920, Hitler pushes for a name change
  of the party.
• They call themselves the National Socialist
  German Workers Party (NSDAP). NAZI
• While Hitler hated socialist ideas, socialism
  was a popular political philosophy in Germany
  after the First World War and appealed to many
  people.
• By 1921 Hitler pushes for and gets control of the
  party

39
Party Ideals

• In February 1920, the NSDAP published its first
  program which became known as the Twenty-Five
  Points.
• In the program the party refused to accept the
  terms of the Versailles Treaty and called for the
  reunification of all German people.
• To reinforce their ideas on nationalism, equal
  rights were only to be given to German citizens.
• Foreigners and aliens would be denied these
  rights.

40
(No Transcript)
41
Beginning of the Nazi Party
42
NSDAP/Nazi Party

• He created his own personal army of storm
  troopers, the Sturmbabteilung or SA.
• The group wore brown uniforms, the same color as
  the victorious British army, hence the nickname
  Brownshirts.

43
Beer Hall Putsch

• Adolph Hitler endorsed the fall of the Weimar
  Republic, and declared at a public rally on
  October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to march on
  Berlin to rid the government of the Communists
  and the Jews.
• On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a
  Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution.
• The following day, he led 2,000 armed
  "brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the
  Bavarian government.

44
(No Transcript)
45
Beer Hall Putsch

• On November 8, Hitler led his army to a beer hall
  in Bavaria where local government leaders were
  holding a meeting.
• The Nazis quickly captured the politicians and
  Hitler put himself in charge.
• The group then marched on the former Bavarian War
  Ministry building when the police opened fire.
• During the riot the man beside Hitler was killed
  as he pulled his leader to the ground.

46
Beer Hall Putsch

• The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch brought the
  obscure Hitler his first national publicity.
• Hitler was arrested and, after a 24-day trial,
  sentenced to five years in Landsberg fortress a
  country-club type prisons where white-collar
  criminals were sent.
• Hitler received a steady stream of visitors and
  presents and was treated more like he was on a
  picnic outing than serving as an inmate.

47
Beer Hall Putsch

• The failure of the Beer Hall Putsch taught
  Hitler valuable lessons of power.
• not to get into any more battles with an enemy
  that was larger and better armed.
• his best chance to gain power would be through
  the use of votes rather than bullets.

48
Mein Kampf

• Hitler served only nine months of his five-year
  term.
• While in prison, he wrote the first volume of
  Mein Kampf.
• It was partly an autobiographical book although
  filled with
• glorified inaccuracies
• self-serving half-truths
• which detailed his views on the future of the
  German people.

49
Mein Kampf

• In Mein Kampf, Hitler laid out his views on the
  centrality of Aryan purity to historical progress
• The mortal danger posed by world Jewry and
  international communism,
• The necessity of rebuilding German power, and the
  importance of expanding Germanys borders to
  provide the living space, Lebensraum, the German
  people require.
• Hitler did not conceal his intentions they were
  in black and white for anyone to read.
• However very few in or outside Germany actually
  read the book.

50
Hitler Political Rise to Power

• Hitler was released from prison on December 20,
  1924, after serving just over a year of his
  sentence. The Germany of 1924 was dramatically
  different from the Germany of 1923.
• The economic policies of the German government
  had proved successful.
• Inflation had been brought under control and the
  economy began to improve.
• The German people gradually gained a new faith in
  their democratic system and began to find the
  extremist solutions proposed by people such as
  Hitler unattractive.

51
Rise to Power

• Using the Great Depression and the economic
  problems of Germany as a platform Hitler was able
  to increase control the Nazis had in parliament
• In September 1930, the Nazi Party increased its
  number of representatives in parliament from 14
  to 107. Hitler was now the leader of the second
  largest party in Germany.

52
1933 Elections

• Although Hitler had the support of certain
  sections of the German population he never gained
  an elected majority.
• The best the Nazis could do in a election was
  37.3 per cent of the vote they gained in July
  1932.
• When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933,
  the Nazis only had a third of the seats in the
  Reichstag.
• Hitler declared that there would be new elections
  held in a month

53
Reichstag Fire
54
Reichstag Fire

• Before the elections were held the Reichstag
  building was burned down.
• The Nazis claimed that the communist set fire to
  the Reichstag to destroy the German government.
• Marinus van der Lubbe from Holland who was a
  communist was found on the property.

55
Reichstag Fire

• Lubbe was found at the Reichstag after the fire.
• Lubbe was tortured and confessed to the fire.
• Lubbe was executed Jan. 10th 1934.
• It is believed today that the Nazis actually
  started the fire and used Lubbe as a scapegoat.

56
1933 Elections

• After the fire it was agreed that Hitler should
  take dictatorial power to ensure the safety of
  the government.
• Many communist leaders were arrested and either
  executed or placed in concentration camps.
• The elections were held on March 5th 1933 however
  the Nazis only gained 43 of the vote.

57
(No Transcript)
58
Enabling Bill

• Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to sign an
  emergency decree authorizing Hitler to suspend
  all civil rights and arrest and execute any
  suspicious person.

59
Enabling Bill

• After the elections Hitler and the Nazis needed
  to find a way to take power.
• Hitler used his dictatorial powers to start
  eliminating members of the communist and
  socialist parties.
• The many communist and socialist members of the
  Reichstag were either eliminated or removed from
  their positions.

60
Enabling Bill

• When the vote came up in the Reichstag granting
  Hitler full dictatorial power few were left to
  vote against the bill.
• Hitler was now dictator and free to eliminate any
  who opposed him.

61
(No Transcript)
62
Nazi Book Burning May 10th 1933
63
Class Question

• Why would the Nazis want to burn books?
• What is the danger in burning/banning books?

64
The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Creates a new Germany called the Third Reich.

65
The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Turns Germany into a totalitarian state.
• Creates a one party system (Nazi Party)
• Ends civil rights
• Murders many of his political enemies.
• Uses force and terror to enforce his rule.
• Uses propaganda, art and education to promote him
  and the Nazi party.

66
The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler
• Puts businesses under government control.
• Starts public works programs which employs many
  people.
• Rebuilds the military.
• Raises the standard of living.

67
The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler instituted programs against Jews to
  restrict their lives in an attempt to drive them
  from Germany.
• Many did not care about Hitlers policies many
  were just happy being employed and having a
  renewed sense of military and nationalistic
  pride.

68
Hitler and Mussolini

• Positives
• Both Hitler and Mussolini improved the economic
  conditions of their nations.
• Both restored order to their countries.
• Both brought back nationalistic pride.

• Negatives
• Many lost individual rights.
• Many were driven out of the countries or
  murdered.

69
The Rise of Japanese Militarism

• The Japanese began a program of militarism in the
  1930s
• Japan wanted to restore its greatness
• Get rid of western influence
• Gain foreign lands

70
The Rise of Japanese Militarism

• In 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria.
• Japan withdraws from the League of Nations.
• An increase in loyalty to the emperor.
• Japan attempts to imperialize China.

71
World War Two

• The Causes

72
World War Two

• In the 1930s Germany, Italy and Japan wanted to
  build new empires.
• All three became aggressive in taking over land.
• The League of Nations was weak and could not stop
  this aggressive imperialism.
• Western nations were trying to recover from a
  depression and at first paid little attention to
  Italy, Germany or Japan.
• Western nations did not want war.

73
After World War One

• Several attempts were made after World War One to
  stop aggression and warfare in the world
• League of Nations (1921)
• Washington Naval Conference (1921)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

74
League of Nations

• The League of Nations was an international
  organization founded after the Paris Peace
  Conference of 1919.
• The League's goals included
• Disarmament
• preventing war through collective security
• settling disputes between countries through
  negotiation
• improving global welfare

75
League of Nations

• The League lacked an armed force of its own and
  so depended on the great powers to enforce its
  resolutions and these countries they were often
  very reluctant to do.
• The League ultimately proved incapable of
  preventing aggression by the Germany, Japan, and
  Italy in the 1930s

76
Washington Naval Conference

• The Washington Naval Conference was a diplomatic
  conference, called by the administration of
  President Harding and held in Washington D.C.
  from 1921-1922
• Conducted outside the boundaries of the League of
  Nations, it was attended by nine nations having
  interests in the Pacific Ocean.
• It was the first disarmament conference in
  history

77
Washington Naval Conference

• The primary objective of the conference was to
  inhibit Japanese naval expansion in the west
  Pacific.
• Their secondary objectives were intended to
  ultimately limit Japanese and British aggression

78
Kellogg-Briand Pact

• An agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning
  recourse to war for the solution of
  international controversies.
• It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris.
• Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France
  proposed to the U.S. government a treaty
  outlawing war between the two countries.

79
Kellogg-Briand

• The Pact of Paris was signed by 15
  nationsAustralia, Belgium, Canada,
  Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain,
  India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New
  Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United
  States.
• The parties agreed that settlement of all
  conflicts, no matter of what origin or nature,
  should be sought only by peaceful means and that
  war was to be renounced as an instrument of
  national policy.

80
Kellogg-Briand

• Although 62 nations ultimately ratified the pact
  it failed to provide measures of enforcement.
• The pact proved to be meaningless, especially
  with the practice of waging undeclared wars in
  the 1930s (the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in
  1931, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935,
  and the German occupation of Austria in 1938).

81
Italy

• In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia looking for new
  land.
• The Ethiopians had outdated weapons and could not
  stop the Italian Army.
• The Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie appealed
  to the League of Nations for help.
• The League could do little but try to ban the
  sale of weapons to Italy. Not all countries
  agreed to the ban.

82
Japan

• In 1931 Japan invades Manchuria. When the League
  of Nations condemns the act Japan withdraws from
  the League.

83
(No Transcript)
84
Japan

• In 1937 Japan invades mainland China.
• The Chinese army outnumbers the Japanese however
  the Japanese have better weapons.
• Japan overruns China and sets up a puppet
  government in Nanjing.
• The Japanese are so brutal to the Chinese at
  Nanjing that the Japanese control over Nanjing is
  called the rape of Nanjing

85
Germany

• Hitler glorifies war as a way of restoring
  national pride to Germany. (Militarism).

86
Germany

• Hitler begins a policy of German land expansion
  later known as lebensraum or living space.
• Hitler rebuilds the German Army a direct
  violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

87
Germany

• In 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland on
  the boarder of France. A direct violation of the
  Treaty of Versailles.

88
Germany

• In March 1938 Hitler moves troops into Austria
  creating an Anschluss or union between Austria
  and Germany.
• A direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
• Britain and France ignore the pledge to help
  Austria.

89
(No Transcript)
90
Germany

• In September 1938 Hitler demanded the western
  part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland
  become part of Germany.
• Hitler claimed that 3 million German speaking
  people lived there and should be German
  territory.

91
Appeasement

• The Czech Government refused to give the
  Sudetenland to Hitler.
• The Czechs had an alliance with France and asked
  France for help.
• Britain and France began to prepare for war.

92
Appeasement/The Munich Conference
To avoid war Mussolini sets up a meeting between
France, Britain, Italy and Germany
The Czechs are not invited
The meeting called the Munich Conference is
held Sept. 29, 1938
British Prime Minister Chamberlain tries
to preserve peace
On Sept. 30, 1938 Hitler takes over the
Sudetenland
Chamberlain gives into Hitlers demands
Hitler agrees to respect Czechoslovakia's new
boarders. War is avoid.
March 1939 German troops take over the rest
of Czechoslovakia.
93
(No Transcript)
94
Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• France and Britain asked the Soviet Union to help
  stop German aggression.
• The democracies of France and Britain and the
  Communist of the Soviet Union did not trust each
  other.

95
Nazi/Soviet Nonaggression Pact

• Hitler also began talks with the Soviet Union.
• On August 23, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union
  agreed not to attack each other.
• Now only France and Britain could stop Hitler.
• Hitler was also clear to invade Poland.

96
(No Transcript)
97
The Invasion of Poland

• In April 1939 Hitler demanded the upper western
  part of Poland be returned to Germany.
• France and Britain refused.
• On Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland and
  started World War Two.

98
Axis Powers

• Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Powers.