How do Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini (early fascists and communists) rise to power after WWI?

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How do Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini (early
fascists and communists) rise to power after WWI?
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STALIN

• 1879-1953
• In office 1922-1953

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JOSEPH STALIN

• Born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
• Changed name to Stalin Man of Steel
• Why did he change his name?
• 1928 in total control of Communist Party

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• Who was Leon Trotsky?
• Stalins competitor
• He was forced into exile (in Mexico)
• In 1940 Stalins agents killed him in Mexico with
  an ice pick.

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Totalitarianism

• A government that takes total control over EVERY
  aspect of public private life.
• Command Economythe government make all economic
  decisions.

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Problems for the USSR

• Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR)
• 1921 decreasing industry
• Low agricultural output
• Ukrainian Famine
• created by the government to crush Ukrainian
  nationalist
• killed 5 million people!

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• Russia was 50-100 years behind industrialized
  countries (like Britain and Germany) and if the
  Soviet Union did not catch up they would be
  conquered!
• What is the solution to all of these problems?

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Five Year Plans(1928-32, 1933-37)

• 5 year plans
• High quotas to increase steel, coal, oil
  electricity
• It worked, industrial output skyrocketed
• But government limited production of consumer
  goods to meet quotas
• Shortages in housing, food, clothing

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Another solutionCollective Farming

• USSR seized 25 million farms
• Combined them into collective farms
• 100s of families were living in one large farm
• No privacy, easier for government to control
• 5-10 million died

• Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resisted
• They were executed

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Weapons of Totalitarianism

• Police Terror
• Secret police arrested executed MILLIONS of
  so-called traitors
• Gulags-Hard labor camps in Siberia

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• 2. Great Purges
• Eliminate anyone who threatened Stalins power
• Showed Court Trials to trick the public into
  thinking things were fair and necessary
• Killed 8-13 millions people by 1939
• It is estimated that about 25 million were killed
  during Stalins rule!

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More Weapons of Totalitarianism

• 3. Censorship Propaganda
• Communist Newspaper
• Socialist Realism (art)
• Artistic style that praised Soviet life
  Communist Values

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• 4. Religious Persecution
• Religion was labeled the opium of the masses
  and banned
• Stalin had statues erected of himself, he became
  like a god to the people
• ChurchesMuseums of Atheism

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• Discuss with your neighbor Why were the Soviets
  unsuccessful in destroying religion all together?
  

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Il Duce

• Mussolinis Rise to Power

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What was Italy like during the 1920s 1930s?

• Democracies had been weakened by WWI and Great
  Depression
• Many workers are crippled by WWI or unemployed
• Italy feels cheated by Versailles Treaty
• Many businessmen are worried about the communists
  seizing power
• Led by a King-Victor Emmanuel III

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Who was Benito Mussolini?

• Son of a Communist blacksmith and a school
  teacher
• Named after Mexican Revolutionary

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Continued

• Communist Newspaper editor
• WWI veteran (wounded himself with a hand grenade)
• (against war 1911, then pro-Allies in WWI)

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How does he become Il Duce (the Leader)?

• Politician who founded the Fascist Party in 1919
• What is Fascism?

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What is Fascism?

• Fascism
• Political Party that advocates
• totalitarianism
• Extreme Nationalism
• The State is more important than the individual
  like Communism
• -but doesnt call for state ownership of property

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Fascism emphasizes

• Action Human beings find meaning and purpose by
  acting, not by reasoning or thinking.
• Community spirit People need to be part of a
  community. Individualism is dangerous because it
  turns people away from their community.
• Nationalism
• Militarism
• The future Fascists love the speed and power of
  technology. They look optimistically to the
  future.
• One party The nation must be unified and speak
  with one voice. Therefore, only one political
  party is allowed, and that party rules with
  absolute power.
• Violence The government rules its people through
  violence or the threat of violence.

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Italian Nationalist Slogans

• Believe, Obey, Fight
• The Country Is Nothing Without Conquest

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What changes did Mussolini promise?

• He promised
• To revive the economy and rebuild the Armed
  Forces
• Wanted to rebuild Italy into the Roman Empire
• Anti-communist
• Anti-democracy

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• Industrialist picked him as the lesser of two
  evils
• Monarch or Fascist?
• Created the Black Shirts (Fascist Thugs)
• Mussolinis private army (thousands)
• beat sometimes killed communists and political
  rivals.

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How does he seize power?

• 1922-
• 30,000 to 40,000 Fascists march from Milan to
  Rome and demanded that Mussolini be named Prime
  Minister of Italy.
• The King of Italy was worried that the Fascist
  would start a civil war so he agreed
• Mussolini therefore took power legally.

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What did Mussolini do while in power?

• Outlawed strikes
• Censored the press
• Allied with industrialists and large land owners
• Built a strong military
• Started public works project to help during the
  Depression
• Secret police jailed opposition leaders
• (Summarize 2 or 3 of these facts in your notes)

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Adolf Hitler

• The road from Vienna to the Führer of Germany

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  Adolf Hitler, the youth

• Son of an abusive Austrian official.
• Dropped out of high school and moved to Vienna.
• Wanted to be an artist.
• Was denied entry into the Imperial Art
  Academy(twice).
• Lived off of his dead fathers inheritance.
• Listened to many Anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish)
  speakers

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Adolf Hitler, the soldier

• WWI, moved to Munich, Germany and joined the
  Army.
• Was a runner and achieved the rank of corporal.
• received two Iron Crosses for bravery.
• Feels cheated at Germanys loss and blames the
  Weimar Republic

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Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party

• Hired as an internal spy by the Army
• Hitler spies on then joins the National Socialist
  German Workers Party (Nazi)
• Nazis mimic much of the ideas of Fascist Italy
• High unemployment rate and sky rocketing
  inflation made Hitlers ideas very appealing to
  the middle and lower middle classes.
• Established the SA or Brown Shirts, Nazi thugs
  used to beat up foes

Hitler took the party from a few dozen members to
55,000 (15,000 SA) in 1923.
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Beer Hall Putsch, 1923

• Inspired by Mussolinis march on Rome
• Hitler orders the Nazi to seize control of
  Munich, the plan fails
• Hitler catches national attention at his trial.
• Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in low security
  prison
• He only serves 9 months

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Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

• This book set forth Hitlers beliefs and goals

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Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

• Hitlers goals/ideals
• Racial Purity
• Aryans master race those of Germanic decent,
  blond hair and blue eyes
• non-Aryans inferior or subhuman races Jews,
  Slavs and Gypsies
• Denouncement of the Versailles Treaty
• Lebensraum
• living space, Hitler called for an invasion of
  Russia to allow the German race to grow
• The twin evils
• Communism and Judaism, and he stated that his aim
  was to eradicate both from the face of the earth

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New Plan

• Released from jail in 1924 but ignored because
  the economy was getting better
• New Plan Legal Revolution, work with the Right
  against the Left
• Nazis became a national party in 1929 and had
  800,000 members by 1932
• 1932,
• Great Depression at it worse,
• Germany 30 unemployment (6 million)
• Hitlers Nazi Party won greatest of seats in
  the government
• Hitler is named Chancellor (Prime Minister)

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Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor

• 1933 Hoping to increase his number of seats in
  the Parliament, Hitler calls a new election.
• Six days before the elections the Reichstag
  (House of Parliament) is set on fire,
• the Nazis blame the communists (many historians
  think that the Nazis set the fire) and the Nazis
  win a slim majority.
• Enabling Act 1934
• With a majority Hitler asks to be given total
  control of the country for 4 years only one
  deputy spoke out against it.