Warmte en kracht produktie vanaf biomassa

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Warmte en kracht produktie vanaf biomassa
Vakgroep Toegepaste Mechanica Faculteit
Toegepaste Wetenschappen J. De Ruyck jdruyck_at_vub.a
c.be
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Best use of biomass ??

• As construction material ?
• For pure heat production ?
• For combined heat and power production ?
• For electric power production only ?
• For transport (liquid fuels) ?
• Which technology ?

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Candidate technologies ?

• Extensive search for hard projects
• Below 2 MWe only cogeneration, heat driven
• Investment cost per kW thermal major criterion
  600-700 euro per kWth
• Global efficiency major criterion 90-110 LHV
• Electric efficiencies 12-25

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Candidate technologies ?

• Collected data for 65 sites/projects
• Start year
• Type of fuel
• Power output
• Electric/thermal efficiency
• Total investment cost
• CO,SOx, NOx, dust emissions

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Candidate technologies cost ?
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Candidate technologies efficiency ?
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Candidate technologies emissions versus cost ?
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Candidate technologies ?

• Selected systems
• Stirling engine, 5-30 kWe range
• Fixed bed gasifier/piston engine, 300-600 kWe
• Organic Rankine Cycle, 500-1500 kWe
• Conventional steam cycle, gt 1000 kWe

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Selected systems investigation

• Extended questionnaires, site visits
• More detailed information about
• Technology
• Costs
• Grid connection
• Fuel handling
• Part load conditions
• Lifetime
• Residues, noise, size

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Stirling engine (Harz, Austria)

• S

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Stirling engine (Harz, Austria)

• Not yet commercially available, but several
  promising demonstrations units
• Problems mainly fouling and vibration, noise
• 25 engine efficiency (from engine heat to power)
• 12 electric, 86 total efficiency
• Asynchronous, no transformer, 380V direct on grid
• Startup times 1 to 5 hours
• Ability for load following unknown, not enough
  experience

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Fixed bed gasifier (Xylowatt REGAL unit, Belgium)
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Fixed bed gasifier (Xylowatt REGAL unit, Belgium)

• Commercially available, 5 plants in preserial use
• Problems unknown..
• 25 electric 75 total efficiency
• Asynchronous, no transformer, 220V direct on grid
• Startup times 5-20 minutes !
• Ability for load following none, no part load
  operation

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ORC (Turboden TIRANO Italy)
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ORC (Turboden TIRANO Italy)
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ORC (Turboden TIRANO Italy)

• Succesfull commercial operation, total of more
  than 50 000 hours operation
• High availability (ORC 98), minor problems with
  boiler, pumps,..
• 15 electric near 100 total efficiency
  (condensing boiler !)
• Asynchronous, no transformer, 400V direct on grid
• No gear box direct turbine connection (not
  possible with synchronous generator)
• Startup times 2 hours to 5 days (due to
  refractory lining)
• Good part load behaviour (turndown ratio 30)

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ORC (Turboden TIRANO Italy)
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ORC (Turboden TIRANO Italy)
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Conventional steam cycle (Puulaakso, Finland, 1
MWe)
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Conventional steam cycle (Puulaakso, Finland, 1
MWe)

• Succesfull commercial operation, most common
  technology
• High availability, no information about problems
• 10 electric near 87 total efficiency
• Synchronous, grid connected, stand alone possible
• Startup times ½ hour to ½ days (refractory)
• Good part load behaviour (turndown ratio 30)

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