Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Requirements for life, homeostasis
• Terminology
• Al Mina, M.D.
• Erskine College

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Modified from

• Powerpoint Presentation for BG210 made by
• Dr. Nora Espinoza, Ph. D.
• Which was

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Modified from a PowerPoint Presentation made
to accompanyHoles Human Anatomy and
Physiology, 11/e byShier,
Butler, and LewisMcGraw-Hill - publisher
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Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy the study of the structures, shape and
  form of the parts of the human body (morphology)
  and their relative arrangement
• Physiology study of the function of these body
  parts
• what they do and how they do it.
• Tight interconnection of FORM and FUNCTION

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Why are we alive?

• Respond to environment
• Grow, develop, reproduce
• Repair ourselves
• Movement
• Absorb/metabolize nutrients, excrete waste

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What do we need to stay alive?
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Water

• Majority of body weight
• Important for transport
• Solvent
• Temperature regulation
• Many metabolic processes

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Food (nutrients)

• Provides energy
• Also provides materials that body needs but
  cannot make (essential)

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Oxygen

• Utilized to release energy from nutrients
  required to drive most body functions

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Heat

• Required for chemical reactions to take place.
• Many substances only work at certain temperatures
• Some organisms (humans) can use metabolic
  processes to maintain temperature

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Pressure?

• Atmospheric pressure - breathing
• Hydrostatic pressure

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How does it all come together?

• Homeostasis maintenance of a stable internal
  environment.
• Allows organism to survive in varying
  environments / stresses.
• Organisms vary in their ability to maintain
  homeostasis.

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Components of homeostatic mechanisms

• Receptors receive information from environment
• Control center gets info from receptors,
  processes, and determines response
• Effectors carries out response

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Set points are maintained by feedback mechanisms

• Negative feedback most common system
• As conditions deviate from set point, effectors
  are activated
• As condition gets closer to normal, signal to
  effectors gradually decreases.
• Positive feedback rare, but occurs

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Stable is not necessarily constant

• Set point can change temporarily or permanently
  as conditions warrant.

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Levels of Organization
Figure 1.6
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Planes through the Body

• Sagittal
• divides body into right and left portions

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Planes through the Body

• Transverse (horizontal)
• divides the body into superior and inferior
  portions

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Planes through the Body

• Coronal (frontal)
• divides the body into anterior and posterior
  sections

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Figure 1.18
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Body cavities

• Cranial - head
• Thoracic - chest
• Abdominal
• Pelvic

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Anatomical Terminology(relative positions)

• Superior/Inferior
• above or below a body part
• Anterior/Posterior
• in front of or behind
• Medial/Lateral
• towards the middle or side
• Proximal/ Distal
• close to a body part or far from a body part
• Superficial (Peripheral)/Deep
• on the surface or lying beneath