Managing Change

1
Chapter 2

• Managing Change

2
The Importance of Understanding Change

• Failure of Change Efforts - many do (50-70)
• Nature of Change uncertain, ambiguous
  unpredictable
• Rate of Change - increasing
• Managerial Competency for Leading Change not
  that many who are really adept at it

3
Forces for Change

• External Forces
• Competition
• Technology
• Societal changes/shifts
• Legal/political developments
• Economic conditions

4
Forces for Change, contd.

• Internal Forces
• Managerial decisions
• New Leadership/management
• Employee preferences and suggestions
• New employees
• Restructuring

5
Force Field Analysis

• Driving Forces ? vs. ? Restraining
  Forces
• (pressure points)
  (sticking points)
• New technology ? ? Costs of updating
• Managerial vision ? ? Employee
  resistance
• or decision ?Uncertainty/ambiguity
• Employee needs ? ? Anxiety
• Competition ? ? Mistrust
• Which set of forces is greater?

6
The Process of Change

• Phase 1 Unfreezing (removing, unlocking,
  breaking down)
• Phase 2 Movement (shifting, re-creating)
• Phase 3 Refreezing (establishing new patterns
  and habits)

7
Forces for Failure

• Unfreezing Not really seeing
• 1. The power of past mental maps (and traps
• baggage)
• 2. Oversimplification processes (past future)
• 3. Maintaining equilibrium (keeping the status
  quo staying in comfort zones)

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Forces for Failure, contd.

• Movement the failure to move
• 1. Change uncertainty change to what?
• 2. Outcome uncertainty what will result?
• 3. Requirement uncertainty do I have the
  knowledge, skills, abilities, to accomplish the
  required change(s)?

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Forces for Failure, contd.

• Refreezing the failure to finish
• 1. Lack of proper reinforcement
• - positive reinforcement
• - negative reinforcement
• 2. Impatience with new outcomes/benefits
• 3. Ambiguity concerning individual mastery of
  change - self-efficacy

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Keys to Successful Change

• Overcoming the Failure to see
• A. Contrast
• B. Confrontation
• C. Combining the two (A B)

11
Keys to, contd.

• 2. Overcoming the failure to move
• A. Ensure clarity of understanding
• B. Sell the benefits of the change(s)
• C. Ensure adequate resources for change

12
Keys to, contd.

• i) assess required resources
• ii) assess whether, in fact, you have the
  required resources
• iii) bridge any gap between required
  resources and actual resources

13
Dealing With Resistance to Change

• Education and communication
• Participation and involvement
• Facilitation and support
• Negotiation and agreement
• Manipulation and co-optation
• Implicit and explicit coercion