Quiz 3 Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning

1
Quiz 3Operant Conditioning
andObservational Learning
2
The law of effect _____.

• has been disproved by the research of Thorndike
  and Skinner
• can explain how reflexive, but not voluntary,
  behaviors are learned
• explains why negative reinforcement is more
  effective than positive reinforcement
• indicates that future behaviors are determined by
  the consequences of past behaviors

3
_____ occurs when the consequences of a behavior
tend to modify that behavior in the future.

• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Observational learning
• none of the above

4
A _____ is an example of a primary reinforcer.

• 50 bill
• nice compliment
• plate of macaroni and cheese
• passing grade in a very difficult class

5
A _____ is an example of the secondary
reinforcer.

• pepperoni pizza
• cold glass of milk
• good nights sleep
• final grade of A in this class

6
Both positive and negative reinforcers _____.

• weaken the behaviors they follow
• strengthen the behaviors they follow
• involve adding something to a situation
• involve removing something from a situation

7
In escape training, a learned response _____
unpleasant consequences, whereas in avoidance
training, a learned response _____ unpleasant
consequences.

• increases, prevents
• decreases or ends, increases
• prevents, decreases or ends
• decreases or ends, prevents

8
Hassans mother hates it when he throws his
coat on the floor after he comes home from
school, so she yells at him when he throws it on
the floor and keeps yelling at him until he picks
it up and hangs it in the closet. In this
situation, Hassans mother is _____ for throwing
his coat on the floor and _____ for hanging it up
in the closet. 

• punishing, negatively reinforcing
• negatively reinforcing, punishing
• negatively reinforcing, positively reinforcing
• positively reinforcing, negatively reinforcing

9
Which of the following students has the best
understanding of negative reinforcement and
punishment? 

• David Negative reinforcement and punishment are
  both used to decrease undesirable behaviors.
• Cedella Punishment and negative reinforcement
  are two different terms that mean exactly the
  same thing.
• Sharon Punishment decreases undesirable
  behaviors, and negative reinforcement increases
  desirable behaviors.
• Ziggy Negative reinforcement involves
  presenting something unpleasant or painful after
  a response, and punishment involves taking
  something pleasant away.

10
A candy machine operates on a _____
reinforcement schedule, whereas a slot machine
operates on a _____ reinforcement schedule. 

• partial, continuous
• continuous, partial
• variable interval, fixed interval
• fixed interval, variable interval

11
Every Friday Joyce gives a movie ticket
to her employees whose on-the-job attendance for
the past week has been perfect (i.e., they worked
every day they were scheduled, they never came
late, and they never left early). This is an
example of a _____ reinforcement schedule. 

• fixed ratio
• variable ratio
• fixed interval
• variable interval

12
Munas father pays her a quarter for every
dozen dandelions she digs out of the yard. This
is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

• fixed ratio
• variable ratio
• fixed interval
• variable interval

13
Jills grandfather always goes
fishing in the same lake, even though he hasnt
caught any big fish there for 20 years. When
Jill asks him why he always fishes there, her
grandfather says its because he caught two huge
fish there--one 20 years ago and one when he was
12 years old--and he knows that if he fishes
there long enough, hell catch more big fish. If
Jill were a psychologist interested in operant
conditioning, she would most likely explain that
this phenomenon is the result of a _____
reinforcement schedule.

• fixed ratio
• variable ratio
• fixed interval
• variable interval

14
Ratio is to interval, as _____ is to _____ and
fixed is to variable, as _____ is to _____.

• number of responses, period of time same,
  different
• period of time, number of responses same
  different
• number of responses, period of time different,
  same
• period of time, number of responses different,
  same

15
Katys grandfather always trades her a candy
bar for a hug when he come to visit. Now,
whenever Katy hears her grandfathers old pick-up
truck pull up in the driveway, she squeals with
joy the same way she does when she gives him his
hug and receives her candy bar. The sound of her
grandfathers truck has become a _____.

• primary reinforcer
• negative reinforcer
• discriminative stimulus
• both a and c

16
Shaneeka taught her parrot to say her name by
first giving him a parrot treat when he squawked
in her presence, then giving him one only after
he said something that sounded like Shaka, and
then giving him one only after he said something
that sounded closer to Shaneeka. Which of the
following operant conditioning techniques was she
using to train her parrot?

• spontaneous recovery
• shaping
• secondary reinforcement
• both b and c

17
Although Dr. Chipps assigns two chapters from
the textbook for every test, he never discusses
any of the material from the book and only asks
test questions that come from his lectures. By
the third test, his students have stopped reading
the textbook. Although he did not intentionally
do so, Dr. Chipps has successfully _____ his
students textbook-reading behavior.

• punished
• extinguished
• negatively reinforced
• both a and c

18
Your knowledge of classical conditioning can help
you understand three of the following four
behaviors. Which one of the four are you able to
understand because of your knowledge of operant
conditioning?

• Your mouth waters when you see a picture of your
  favorite fast-food hamburger on a giant bill
  board.
• A woman can no longer eat her favorite food
  because she developed stomach flu immediately
  after she ate it the last time.
• A high school boy wears the same outfit to school
  five days in a row because a cheerleader told him
  how cute he looked the first day he wore it.
• A construction worker experiences a feeling of
  panic when he must climb a ladder on his first
  day back on the job after being off work for a
  month because he fell off a roof and broke his
  leg.

19
Which of the following books would be most
likely to contain information that would help you
answer the following essay question on your next
psychology test? Explain why your little
brother acts and talks like Bart Simpson.

• Principles of Operant Conditioning by B. F.
  Skinner
• The Power of Observational Learning by Albert
  Bandura
• Classical Conditioning and Human Behavior by Ivan
  Pavlov
• Behavior and the Law of Effect by Edward Thorndike

20
Bandura says four processes must take place
for observational learning to occur. Which of
the following is not one of these processes?

• reinforcement
• attention
• motivation
• ability