The Road to the Civil War

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The Road to the Civil War

• The US-Mexico War, 1846-8
• Gold Rush, Migration and Expansion
• Compromise of 1850
• Uncle Toms Cabin, 1852
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
• Bleeding Kansas, 1854-6
• Dredd Scott Decision, 1857
• John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry
• 1860 Presidential Election

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The Road to the Civil War

• Manifest Destiny and War expanded the US to the
  Pacific Ocean
• Westward Expansion of Slavery after US-Mexico War
• Debates over slavery in the West ripped the
  country apart
• Ideologies of states rights
• Polarized the North South
• No common ground in political parties

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The Election of 1860

• Slavery on trial
• Nationalism
• Meaning of America?
• States-Federal Gov.?
• John Brown
• Distrust
• Democrats crumbled
• Lincoln (R) won

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The South Seceded, 1861

• South Carolina first
• Propaganda
• MISS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX
• Confederate States of America
• President Jefferson Davis

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Ft. Sumter, March-April

• South Carolina
• Troops trapped
• Stand-off
• Confederates fired
• Major Anderson surrendered
• War began

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The Civil War, 1861-1865
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North vs. South (strengths)

• North
• Industry
• Finances
• Population
• Railroads
• Federal government

• South
• Home field
• Skilled leaders
• Agriculture
• Defensive war
• Supplies

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North vs. South (weaknesses)

• North
• Arrogance
• Leadership
• Distance
• Supplies

• South
• Slave population
• Industry
• Railroads
• Finances
• Government

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The Nature of War

• Long bloody
• Militias
• Total War
• Divided families
• Women blacks
• Benefited North
• Fought in South

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Preparing for War
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Battlefield Amputation
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Tent life, 1861 D.C.
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Southern Strategy

• Outlast North
• Disperse troops
• Righteousness
• Cotton Europe

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Northern Strategy

• Missouri River
• Naval blockade
• Divide/Isolate
• Industry
• Force population
• Land and sea
• General Grant?

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Turning Points, 1861-63

• Bull Run, VA war
• would be harder
• Shiloh, TN both sides
• reassess tactics
• Antietam, MD worst
• day of fighting. North
• Blocked Southern
• Invasion

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Emancipation Proclamation
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Free African Americans
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African American Troops

• -Over 200,000 served -80 from south
• -Lewis Douglass -Inequalities
• -54th Mass. Regiment

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Union Gains, June 1863

• Drafted 2 million men
• Gettysburg, PA 1863
• (51,000 dead War turned against South)
• Vicksburg, MS 1863
• (North gained River)
• Navy
• U.S. Grant, 1864
• ?Atlanta

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Shermans March to the Sea

• 1864
• 100,000 people
• 280 x 50 miles
• Atlanta to Coast
• Charlestown
• Chased Lee to VA
• Richmond ?

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Weaknesses in the South, 1864

• Desertions and mutinies
• West Virginia broke away
• Anti-War protests
• Food Riots
• Questioning of slavery
• Women protesting War
• Financial ruin, debt, political conflict

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Civil War in the West

• Civil War in New Mexico and Texas
• New Mexico was Union territory
• Texas Confederates invaded NM
• Texas was Confederate, but with Union supporters
• Border Wars
• French invaded Mexico, 1863 and expelled by
  Benito Juarez

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Thirteenth Amendment

• Lincoln reelected in 1864
• Amendment was ratified to the constitution in
  1865, before the end of the Civil War
• Abolished slavery everywhere in the United States

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End of the War

• April 1865 Virginia
• Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee and Grant
• End of War
• Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth, 1865

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Significance of War

• Over 600,000 dead
• 25 southern men
• Southern economy
• Crops, roads, homes
• Strengthened Union
• Ended slavery
• Fulfilled Declaration

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Changes in America The 1860s

• Four million freed blacks
• Re-united Americans
• Heal wounds of War
• Labor conflict, New York draft riots, anti-black
  violence
• Irish immigration
• Women in war industries

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Land and Prosperity

• Homestead Act, 1862
• Federal government gave land to people in Western
  Territories
• Payment for soldiers
• Railroads and speculators
• Land Grant College Act
• Each state will have land for university
• Sale of public lands will fund it
• Educated America

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Civil War A Disaster for Indians

• California Indian Laws
• New policies concentration onto reservations
• Military wars waged against tribes
• Southern tribes trapped
• Expansion of railroads population
• Treaties declined after Civil War
• Full U.S. Army used after Civil War

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Reconstruction, 1865-1877

• National effort to re-unite, or re-construct the
  north and south, and entire nation
• Rebuild Southern economy
• Question of punishment for secession
• Loyalty oaths? Serve in office?
• Protect Black freedoms?
• Who will do the labor

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Southern Resistance, Northern Reaction

• Southern politicians resisted
• Pres Johnson was lenient
• Pres Grant Radical Reconstruction
• Military districts
• Loyalty oaths, debts, penalties
• Freedmens Bureau
• 14th Amendment
• Citizenship and equal protection
• 15th Amendment
• Voting rights

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Compromise of 1877

• Republicans traded black equality to break a tie
  in the 1876 presidential election
• Pulled troops out of south
• Race relations returned to pre-1865 dynamics,
  excluding slave status
• Focused on The West
• Industrialization
• Foreign imperial expansion

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Conclusions

• Lincoln did not support social equality
• Resolution of sectionalism
• Power of federal govt
• Reconstruction, 1865-1877
• Economic and industrial integration
• 14th Amendment Citizenship Due Process
• 15th Amendment voting rights

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Why History is Important

• Understand power in America
• See struggles of oppressed people
• People make history, not fate
• Multiple perspectives and views
• Evidence and arguments
• Myths and heroism
• Nationalism and patriotism
• History is who we are