Lab 1: The Doctors Exam

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Lab 1 The Doctors Exam
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The nature of medicine and science

• The medical exam
• How a medical exam is conducted
• Questions that might arise during an exam
• Serve as an introduction to the bodys major
  systems and how they interact with each other to
  keep us healthy

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Scientific Inquiry

• Results of a Medical exam are observations about
  the bodys systems
• Making an observation is a traditional starting
  point for science
• Asking a question about the observation leads us
  into the scientific process

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Introduction to the Scientific Method

• Observation
• Ask a question about the observation
• Formulate a hypothesis
• An hypothesis is always a statement
• Experiment
• Analyze results
• Draw conclusions/ Accept or reject hypothesis

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Symptoms as CluesSymptoms as Observations

• Observing and measuring external signs tell us
  something about internal conditions
• What information can a doctor get from taking
  your temperature?
• Listening to you breathe with a stethoscope?
• Lab tests from a blood sample?
• A physical exam is a systematic evaluation of
  each of your bodys systems

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• HOWEVER
• A physical exam provides only an indirect look at
  how your body functions
• Rarely in science and medicine do we actually see
  the structure or process we are studying
• cannot see your kidneys functioning
• cannot see your heart beating
• cannot watch your immune system fight off
  infection
• How do we know where urine is made or if your
  immune system is functioning correctly?

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Scientific Inquiry

• Scientists develop explanations for what they can
  measure and observe
• They develop a hypothesis about how something
  works
• Measuring and observing are puzzle-solving tools
• their own senses
• instrumentation and technology
• microscopes
• chemical tests

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Scientific Inquiry

• But how do doctors know that external signs are
  really indicators of internal conditions?
• For instance, how do we know that body
  temperature is truly related to internal
  conditions?

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Scientific Inquiry

• Observation body temperature varies slightly
• Questions/hypotheses
• Changes in body temperature are random
• Body temperature is linked to external
  temperature
• Body temperature is linked to internal conditions

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Experiment measure body temperature at different
times of the day/night.Results
Analyze results and draw a conclusion. Original
hypothesis Changes in body temperature are
random Reject or accept hypothesis?
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• 2nd hypothesis Body temperature linked to
  external temperature
• Experiment
• Analyze results
• Accept or reject hypothesis

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Is body temperature linked to internal conditions?

• Body temperature is not random
• Not linked to external temperature
• Body temperature is related to internal
  conditions.

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Evidence and Inference

• Evidence clearly apparent or observable signs or
  measurements, data
• Inference The conclusions drawn based on
  evidence or data.

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Evidence or Inference?

• Body temperature is not random
• Not linked to external temperature
• Body temperature is related to internal
  conditions.

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Evidence and Inference

• Medicine (and science) relies heavily on
  inference because rarely do we actually see the
  structure or process we are studying

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Investigation 1The Doctors Exam

• Choose a lab partner, do the exam and fill out
  the data sheet on page 42.
• Lab write-up is due next lab
• PUN
• Data Sheet
• Graph
• Answers to conclusion questions.

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PUN

• Purpose of the investigation
• Unexpected results or errors
• New things you learned in doing the lab
• 2 new things

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What is Normal, Anyways?

• Normal vs. typical
• Is normal always healthy?
• The majority of American adults are overweight
• Is this normal?
• Is this typical?
• Is this healthy?
• Medical definition of normal healthy, NOT
  typical

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What is normal and what is typical?
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