FAMILIES OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

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FAMILIES OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
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GROUP IATHE ALKALI METALS
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• Softer and less dense than most metals
• Because they are the most reactive of the metals,
  they are always found in nature combined with
  other elements.
• They react violently with water producing
  hydrogen gas and heat.

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• Only one valence electron forms positive ions
• Examples table salt, soap, baking soda,
  fertilizer

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GROUP IIATHE ALKALINE EARTH METALS
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• Harder and denser with higher melting and boiling
  points than Group IA.
• Also not found free in nature
• Two valence electrons
• A smaller atomic radius (than Group IA) holds the
  valence electrons more tightly

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TRANSITION METALS
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• Have properties similar to one another and to
  other metals but their properties do not fit in
  with those of any other family
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• High melting points
• Hard

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• Many combine with oxygen to form oxides
• Many have more than one oxidation (valence)
  number
• Form compounds that are brightly colored

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GROUP IIIABORON FAMILY
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• Boron is a metalloid all others in the family
  are metals
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal and is the
  3rd most abundant element in Earths crust
• Three valence electrons

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GROUP IVACARBON FAMILY
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• Carbon combines with other elements in a variety
  of ways
• Most compounds made with carbon are called
  organic compounds
• Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element in
  Earths crust
• Four valence electrons

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GROUP VANITROGEN FAMILY
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• Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the
  atmosphere
• Nitrogen is highly stable and doesnt combine
  easily with other elements
• Five valence electrons

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GROUP VIAOXYGEN FAMILY
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• Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earths
  crust
• Six valence electrons

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GROUP VIIATHE HALOGENS
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• Strongly non-metallic
• Because they are the most active of the
  non-metals, they are not found free in nature.
• Halogens exist as diatomic elements when they are
  a gas
• Fluorine is the most active of the halogens

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• Halogens combine readily with metals to form
  salts
• Seven valence electrons gain an electron to form
  negative ions

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GROUP VIIIATHE NOBLE GASES
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• All are colorless gases that are VERY unreactive
  (inert)
• All found in small amounts in the atmosphere
• Their inactivity is the result of their electron
  configuration (have a completed outer energy
  level)

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RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS
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• So similar to one another that they belong in the
  same square
• Consist of two groups
• 1. Lanthanoids (Period 6)
• Soft, malleable, high luster and conductivity
• Primary oxidation number is 3
• Used to make alloys and high quality glass

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• 2. Actinoids (Period 7)
• All are radioactive
• Most are synthetic
• Primary oxidation number is 3