A Brief History of Medical Imaging

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Welcome to an on-line health and safety training
package intended for staff and students working
within UofE buildings on the Little France campus.
Information contained within these pages is for
use by University of Edinburgh staff and students
only.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
This on-line training package is not in any way
intended as a substitute for formal training in
first aid, and completion will certainly not
qualify you as a First Aider. Requests for
formal training should be made through your
Senior Laboratory Manager to the Universitys
First Aid Trainer (contact details towards the
end of this presentation).
Last updated January 2012
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Please take time to view the following material,
and direct any questions to your HS Advisor,
Senior Laboratory Manager, or the Little France
Buildings HS Manager (the contact details for
whom are shown on the penultimate page of this
presentation).
Thank you
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
First Aid is about the correct management of a
person who has been injured, or who has suddenly
become unwell, to save life, and to help prevent
deterioration in the condition of that person
while awaiting the attention of qualified medical
assistance.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If an accident occurred right now, what would
you do?

• Keep calm
• Assess the situation
• Reassure the casualty
• Get help

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
First, though, you must check your own safety!
You dont want to become the second casualty
So look around you before approaching an injured
or unwell person, and take steps to avoid hazards.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Potential Dangers

• Road traffic
• Water
• Broken glass
• Chemicals
• Gases
• Adverse
• weather

• Asphyxiants
• Cryogens
• Infection
• Radiation
• Electricity
• Etc

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• If danger threatens, and you
• can do so without
• endangering yourself,
• carefully remove the
• casualty to a safe place.
• Otherwise, though, you
• should move the casualty as
• little as possible.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If fire is involved
If the casualtys clothing is on fire, roll the
person on the ground in a fire blanket or coat
etc.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If electricity is involved

• Do not touch the casualty until
• the current is switched off.
• If the current cannot be
• switched off, stand on some dry
• insulating material and use a
• wooden or plastic implement to
• free the casualty from the
• electrical supply.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If asphyxiant gases are involved

• Do not enter the area unless
• you are certain that is safe to do
• so (observe air sampling
• monitors and alarms).
• Otherwise send for the Fire
• Rescue Service, which has
• special equipment to help
• support the lives of rescuers.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
In general

• If possible, work with
• others, using bystanders to
• telephone for an ambulance,
• fetch first aid equipment etc.
• Use protective clothing and
• equipment where necessary
• (e.g. gloves).

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Speak calmly to the casualty, even if at first
they appear to be unconscious, partly to help
gauge their actual level of consciousness, and
partly to help reassure them. A conscious
casualty may also, of course, be able to provide
useful information about the accident.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• If the casualty is unresponsive,
• ask witnesses to explain what
• happened or what they
• discovered when they arrived
• on the scene.
• Continue to note the casualtys
• level of consciousness But
• note too that it may change.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Do not give the casualty
• anything to eat or drink, even if
• they ask for it it may delay
• their treatment in Hospital.
• And do not give any medication
• or apply lotions etc, unless the
• casualty knows that these are
• required (e.g. asthma or angina
• inhalers).

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If chemicals were involved, send a copy of the
material safety data sheet and COSHH risk
assessment together with the casualty to
Hospital these contain useful guidance for
treatment of chemical injuries, intoxication etc.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• If the injuries appear serious,
• get help at once by summoning
• an Ambulance Paramedic.
• Delegate a person nearby to
• call for an ambulance, if one is
• required, by dialling (9)999 on
• any telephone connected to the
• Little France network.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Equally, you may chose to call
• for an ambulance using a
• mobile telephone, by dialling
• 999 (or 112) once again,
• from a safe location.
• The number 112 may be used
• from a landline in the same
• way as 999.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
You should not summon an ambulance by dialling
2222, since it is important that you (or whoever
you may send to make the call on your behalf)
speak directly to the emergency services
operator, who is likely to ask a series of
questions about the casualty that our own
switchboard operators will not be able to answer.
2222
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Neither will dialling 2222
• result in a crash team
• coming to either of the
• University buildings.
• Where a Paramedic is
• required, an ambulance will
• need to be summoned.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Give the precise location of
• the casualty, and explain
• briefly what has happened.
• It is particularly important
• to mention if the casualty
• has stopped breathing a
• greater degree of priority
• will be assigned to such
• cases.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Send someone to Reception to meet the Paramedics
and lead them to the casualty.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If the injury is not so serious that an ambulance
is required, but you think that the casualty
still needs to be seen by a doctor, and you are
certain that the casualty is fit to walk, you may
escort them to the Infirmarys Accident
Emergency Department.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Alternatively, a wheelchair is available in the
disabled persons toilet opposite Reception in the
QMRI, and patient transport chairs can be
borrowed from just inside the Infirmarys main
atrium close to the connecting corridor with the
Chancellors Building.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
For casualties within the SCRM Building, first
aiders will need to take into account the longer
distance to the Accident Emergency Department,
and may elect to summon an ambulance to transport
a casualty to the Infirmary.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
First Aid Priorities

• Airway Check and clear obstructions.
• Breathing Check and manage (e.g. by CPR).
• Circulation Check and manage (e.g. by CPR) and
  also manage bleeding etc.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Look for signs that the casualtys
• heart may have stopped beating
• (blue lips, pale skin, lack of
• movement etc).
• If the casualty is moving, it is
• unlikely that their heart has
• stopped beating.
• But if these signs are present,
• commence chest compressions
• and rescue breaths.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Airway
Check that the casualtys airway is unobstructed
by removing anything that is physically
preventing them from breathing, tilting their
head back, gently lifting their chin, and then
(in the position shown here) looking, listening
and feeling for their breath.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Breathing

• If the casualty is not
• breathing, send for
• help and then start chest
• compressions and rescue
• breaths as quickly as
• possible.
• The first minutes are vital.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Lay the casualty flat if possible.
• Remove any obvious obstructions
• from the casualtys mouth.
• Ease constrictions around the
• casualtys neck, chest and waist.
• Tilt the casualtys head back
• slightly and gently lift their chin to
• open their airway.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Commence chest compressions
• (using the technique shown on
• this diagram).
• Compress the casualtys breast
• bone to a depth of 5-6cm, at a
• rate of 100-120 compressions per
• minute.
• For every 30 chest compressions,
• give two rescue breaths (see next
• page).

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
After 30 chest compressions

• Pinch the casualtys nostrils.
• Take a moderately deep breath and
• breathe into the casualtys
• mouth for one second.
• Lift your own head and allow the
• casualty to exhale.
• Repeat for a second breath.
• Recommence chest compressions.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Repeat this cycle of thirty chest
• compressions (at a rate of 100-
• 120 compressions per minute)
• followed by two rescue breaths.
• Continue until the casualty
• resumes breathing unaided or
• until qualified medical
• services take over, however
• long this may take.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If breathing resumes, place the casualty in the
Recovery Position, and monitor them closely
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In Summary
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Bleeding

• If bleeding is severe, apply firm
• direct pressure on the wound to
• stop the bleeding, using hands,
• pads, dressings, etc.
• If the bleeding is from a limb,
• elevate it to help reduce the blood
• flow.
• Do NOT use a tourniquet.
• Obtain help.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Burns and Scalds
Burns and scalds, however large or small, and
from whatever cause (including chemicals), should
be cooled by flushing with copious amounts of
cold water for 10 minutes. If necessary, repeat
this for another one or two ten minute periods.
If chemicals are involved, one 20 minute period
will be required.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Burns and Scalds
After cooling under cold running water, the
affected area should then be covered with a dry
sterile dressing, loosely applied cling film or
a clean plastic bag (which will not stick to
burns but will allow room for swelling and also
prevents airborne contaminants coming into
contact with the burn).
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Burns and Scalds

• Never apply lotions, ointments or
• anything similar to a burn or
• scald.
• Do not burst blisters or attempt
• to remove charred materials from
• a burn.
• Always obtain medical attention.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Eyes

• Prevention is better than cure!
• Use eye protection wherever
• indicated.
• Foreign bodies (including
• chemicals) in the eye should be
• flushed out using clean cool
• water for at least 10 - 15
• minutes.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Eyes
Casualties with eye injuries should always be
sent to the hospital, with the injured eye
covered by a pad (or both eyes if the casualty is
in discomfort as their eyes move about, but this
dictates the need for special care when assisting
the casualty to move afterwards).
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Accident Reporting
Report ALL accidents causing injuries, and all
near-miss occurrences, using the Universitys
on-line accident reporting form available
at http// www.safety.ed.ac.uk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Signage and Information
Green signs are safety guidance and include first
aid-related signage.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Whos my First Aider?

• Get to know who the First
• Aiders are for your area.
• Know where to find the first
• aid box located closest to where
• you are normally based.
• All of this information is
• contained in First Aid Notices

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
In the event of Illness or Injury, call a First
Aider
Or an Appointed Person
The nearest First Aid box is located at
To call an Ambulance, dial (9)999 and report
the precise location of the casualty, and
send someone to Reception to guide
attending Paramedics to the casualty Report all
accidents using the on-line form
at http//www.safety.ed.ac.uk/
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Whats an Emergency First Aider?
Someone who has not attended the full training
course and regular refreshers, but who has
received training in basic life support, and who
can contain the situation until relieved by a
First Aider.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
If you need to use a First Aid Box

• Clean up any waste, taking
• particular care with blood etc.
• Inform the First Aider, who
• may need to replenish supplies
• of plasters etc.
• Take advice regarding any
• possible need to formally notify
• the circumstances and outcome.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
In the event of a buildings-related emergency and
evacuation, First Aiders should monitor evacuees
for signs of medical distress, including people
with mobility impairment who have been rescued
from the building.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
So, for these reasons, it is extremely important
for people who will require assistance (staff,
students and visitors) to inform buildings
management as soon as possible so that a Personal
Emergency Evacuation Plan can be written,
tailored specifically to that persons
requirements.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Acts Regulations

• Health Safety at Work Act 1974
• First Aid Regulations 1981
• Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
• Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
• (RIDDOR) 1995

Health Safety Law
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
First Aid Regulations 1981

• Sets out the role of First
• Aiders in the workplace, and
• recommends appropriate numbers
• Appointed Persons
• Training requirements
• Equipment and facilities
• Etc

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Reporting of Diseases, Dangerous Occurrences
Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995

• Report deaths and major injuries
• Report notifiable occupational-
• related illnesses
• Report dangerous occurrences
• Record-keeping, time-scales etc
• Etc.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
RIDDOR requires the following to be reported to
HSE

• Most fractures
• Serious dislocations
• Amputation
• Asphyxia
• Loss of sight (including temporary)
• Injuries to the eye
• Electric shock causing unconsciousness
• or hospitalisation for gt 24hrs

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID

• Any other injury causing
• unconsciousness or requiring
• hospitalisation for gt 24hrs.
• Certain hypothermia and heat-induced
• illnesses.
• Acute illness caused by exposure to
• chemicals, biological agents, toxins and
• infectious materials and which causes
• unconsciousness or requires medical
• treatment.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
But dont worry Completion of an accident
form, and submission of details to the
Universitys centrally-based Health Safety
Department, will ensure that HSE are notified in
all cases where the requirement is mandatory in
law.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Training
The full HS_at_WA first aid course covers

• Extremes of temperature
• Electrical injury
• Eye injuries
• Injuries to bones, muscles
• and joints
• Exposure to poisons
• Minor illness and some
• medical conditions

• Unconsciousness
• Hypoxia
• Cardiac arrest
• Bleeding/wounds
• Shock
• Burns/scalds

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Further Information

• Read the definitive First Aid
• Manual
• Be aware that the Manual is updated
• regularly, and techniques that are
• taught in training change periodically

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Further Information

• Section 11 Accidents and near-
• miss reporting
• Appendix 6 First Aiders
• http//www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/medicine-v
  et-medicine/staff-students/staff/health-and-safety
  /manual

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Further Information
UofEs First Aid Trainer Training and Audit Unit
Charles Stewart House 9-16 Chambers
Street Edinburgh EH1 1HT Tel [phone] Fax 651
4260 Email Firstaid.Training_at_ed.ac.uk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
Lindsay Murray Health Safety Manager, The
University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine
Veterinary Medicine (Chancellors Building,
Medical School and Queens Medical Research
Institute), Little France
Room SU215, Chancellors Building Ext
26390 lgm_at_staffmail.ed.ac.uk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE FIRST AID
You have now completed this on-line training
package summarising aspects of first aid and
arrangements for the Little France site.
Thank you