A Brief History of Medical Imaging

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Welcome to an on-line health and safety training
package intended for staff and students working
within UofE buildings on the Little France campus.
Information contained within these pages is for
use by University of Edinburgh staff and students
only.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
This on-line training package, which is a very
basic introduction to the subject, is intended
principally for laboratory-based workers, and it
is not a substitute for more detailed training,
which may be organised by senior laboratory
managers as required.
Last updated January 2012
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Please take time to view the following material,
and direct any urgent questions to your HS
Advisor, Senior Laboratory Manager, or the Little
France Buildings HS Manager (the contact details
for whom are shown on the penultimate page of
this presentation).
Thank you
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Infection Control?

• Human blood and other biological fluids and
  tissues are routinely handled within these
  buildings.
• Laboratory workers may therefore be
  occupationally exposed to pathogens.
• Proper procedures (which is where infection
  control comes in) help prevent infections of
  laboratory workers.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Modes of Transmission
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Susceptible Host
Source
Mode
Entry
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Chain of Infection
Breaking the cycle at any one or more places will
have the effect of reducing the potential for a
laboratory-based worker to be infected in the
workplace.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions

• Design Local Rules for the management of
  biological materials, to take account of the
  potential for pathogens to be spread by blood,
  but also
• by body fluids, secretions, and excretions,
  whether or not they obviously contain blood and
• the implications of a workers non-intact
  (broken) skin and possible contamination of their
  mucous membranes.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Standard Precautions

• Hand-washing.
• Use of lab coats, gloves, eye protection etc as
  dictated by prior risk assessment.
• Appropriate laboratory equipment.
• Environmental surfaces.
• Accident prevention.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Management Roles in Infection Control

• Provision of information, training,
• instruction and supervision for those
• who may be exposed to risk of
• infection
• Exposure prevention (including
• immunisations where relevant) and
• post-exposure management

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Management Roles in Infection Control (continued)

• Management of medical conditions and
• work-related illnesses and restrictions
• and
• Accident reporting and investigation,
• and accident and health records.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne viruses such as hepatitis B virus
(HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

• Are transmissible in laboratories
• May result in very serious chronic
• infections and
• Some may be carried by people who are
• currently unaware that they are infected.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Concentration of HBV in Body Fluids
High Moderate
Low/Not Detectable Blood
Semen Urine
Serum Vaginal fluid
Faeces Wound exudates
Saliva Sweat
Tears
Breast milk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Hepatitis B Immunisation

• Vaccinate all lab workers who are considered to
  be at risk of exposure to blood (based on need
  identified by formal risk assessment).
• Provide access to Occupational Health
  professionals.
• Test for antibodies one to two months after 3rd
  dose of vaccine.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Exposure Prevention Strategies

• Local rules
• Engineering controls
• Procedural controls
• Management controls

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Local Rules

• Generic site-wide rules
• Local laboratory rules
• Containment lab rules

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Containment Laboratories
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Rules for Containment Laboratories

• No unauthorized visitors.
• No children in labs.
• Induction safety training required before
  commencing work, and possibly also
  biosafety-related training.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Rules for Containment Laboratories

• Lab coats are mandatory at all times.
• Must be worn properly fastened up.
• Must be removed before leaving the laboratory.
• Contaminated lab coats should be sent for
  cleaning.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Rules for Containment Laboratories

• After removing lab coats, but before leaving the
  lab, workers must wash their hands.
• Hand washing is necessary whether or not the
  worker has been wearing lab gloves.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Rules for Containment Laboratories

• Food and drink must not be stored or consumed in
  containment labs.
• This most certainly does include bottled water!

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Rules for Containment Laboratories

• Mouth pipetting is strictly
• prohibited.
• Manually operated pipette
• filling devices must be used
• instead.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Engineering Controls

• Isolate or remove the hazard e.g.
• Use sharps containers.
• Select laboratory equipment
• with injury prevention
• features.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Procedural Controls

• Change the manner of performing tasks e.g.
• Using instruments (and not
• fingers) to handle biological
• material.
• Outlaw the re-sheathing of
• hypodermic needles.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Management Controls

• Policies, procedures, and
• enforcement measures.
• These take priority over
• engineered and procedural
• controls.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Post-Exposure Management Plan

• Set out clear policies and procedures, for
  accidental exposures, and provide rapid access
  to
• Clinical care
• Post-exposure prophylaxis
• (PEP) and
• Testing of exposed workers.

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Post-Exposure Management

• Apply wound management
• Report accidents and exposures
• Assess the risk of infection
• Type and severity of exposure
• Status of infectious material
• Susceptibility of exposed person

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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Accident Reporting
Report all accidents and near- miss occurrences
using the on- line form at http//www.safety.ed.
ac.uk/ in order to ensure that the circumstances
are investigated and, wherever biological
materials are involved, that you also
inform UofEs Occupational Heath Unit.
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Occupational Health Unit
UofEs Occupational Heath Unit can be contacted
on a confidential basis for further information
and advice by telephoning 650 8190 or by emailing
Occupational.Health_at_ed.ac.uk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
Lindsay Murray Health Safety Manager, The
University of Edinburgh, College of Medicine
Veterinary Medicine (Chancellors Building,
Medical School and Queens Medical Research
Institute), Little France
Room SU215, Chancellors Building Ext
26390 lgm_at_staffmail.ed.ac.uk
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HEALTH SAFETY _at_ LITTLE FRANCE INFECTION CONTROL
You have now completed this on-line training
package summarising several important aspects of
infection control. Please also attend any
practical training that may be organised by your
senior laboratory manager.
Thank you