Reform in American Society

1
Reform in American Society

• Chapter 8
• Section 1
• Religion Sparks Reform

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Second Great Awakening

• During the early decades of the 19th Century,
  people again turned to religion
• In many cases it was for the same reasons which
  led to the First Great Awakening in the 1700s
  fear of change

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Great AwakeningsFirst Second

• Free will
• People could seek salvation and control destiny
• Focus on saving soul, not hellfire and damnation.
• Led to reforms in the North

• Fate controlled by omnipotent God
• People could not save selves from damnation
• Religionfear
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
• In US and Europe

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Charles G. Finney

• Finney preached in NY
• His message differed from that of
  Jonathan Edwards
• People could be saved and seek salvation
• Conversion brought thousands back to the church

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Religion in the 19th Century

• Revivals were held throughout the country, but
  were most effective in the North
• New converts were asked to examine their soul and
  become a better person

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Religion in the 19th Century

• African-American churches united slaves in a
  common belief of freedom
• Churches in the north, like Rev. Richard Allens
  Bethel African Church, provided a cultural center

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Religion in the 19th Century

• There was a widespread belief that the world was
  coming to an end on October 21, 1844
• William Miller had thousands of followers
• When nothing happened, his followers became 7th
  Day Adventists

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Transcendentalists

• In the early and mid-1800s, a group of people
  started looking at the world, religion and the
  changing economy in a different way.
• Most sought a simpler life and focused on
  emotions and feeling

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Transcendentalists

• Ralph Waldo Emerson writer
• Henry David Thoreau Walden and Civil
  Disobedience
• Unitarians religious group who tried to make
  people better through reforms

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Utopian Communities

• New Harmony - Secular, Owenist
• Wanted to provide an answer to the problems of
  inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial
  Revolution
• Failed due to financial problems and
  disagreements among members

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Utopian Communities

• Shakers - Religious, Mother Ann Lee, 6000 members
  in several states
• Forbid marriage and sex
• Lack of members caused
  its demise
• Amana settlement
  allowed marriage and
  survived

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Utopian Communities

• Oneida - Religious, Noyes
• Members shared property and spouses, free love
• Planned reproduction and child-rearing
• Made silverware for profits

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Utopian Communities

• Brook Farm - founded by George Ripley
• Communal living where everyone worked for the
  common good.

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Utopian CommunitiesBefore the Civil War
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Utopian Communities

• Utopian communities generally failed within a few
  years due to lack of funding or internal
  problems.

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Prison Reform

• Alexis de Tocqueville visited America to observe
  the prison system
• He was dismayed at the amount of abuse

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Prison Reform

• Dorthea Dix was horrified to see mentally ill and
  handicapped people in prisons alongside violent
  criminals.
• She led the drive to build separate facilities
  for mentally ill people

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School Reform

• Horace Mann pushed for free and compulsory
  education for all children.
• He helped establish tax supported schools, a
  longer school year and teacher training

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School Reform

• McGuffy Readers were used to teach children to
  read
• They combined phonics with stories encouraging
  hard work, punctuality and sobriety.

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School Reform

• Catherine Beecher sought to create teachers from
  spinster women
• Schools also responsible for raising children

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School Reform
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Secondary School Enrollment 1840-1860
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Reform in American Society

• Chapter 8
• Section 2
• Slavery and Abolition

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Abolitionists

• By the 1820s some people began to openly question
  the morality of slavery
• Some proposed that all Blacks be sent back to
  Africa
• Others wanted violent uprisings

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Abolitionists

• Charles Finney preached about the evils of
  slavery
• Most whites in the north gave slavery no
  attention at all
• Some, particularly the Irish, wanted slavery to
  continue

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Abolitionists

• William Lloyd Garrison - editor of The
  Liberator
• Wanted slave holders to release their slaves
  immediately with no payment for their loss
• He associated with Africans who promoted violence

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Abolitionists

• David Walker wrote Appeal to the Colored
  Citizens of the World
• Thought that slaves that did not revolt deserved
  to be enslaved

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Abolitionists

• Frederick Douglass - born a slave
  and ran away as a child
• Eloquent speaker who talked about his life as a
  slave
• Worked with Garrison for a time but split with
  him to write The North Star

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Slavery

• America continued to import slaves until 1808
• Natural birth rate caused the slave population to
  soar
• By the mid 1800s, all
  slaves were born in
  America and spoke
  English

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Slavery

• Life expectancy for slaves in America was much
  longer than Africans who lived in Africa

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Slavery

• Men, women and children worked from sun up to sun
  down.
• Slave marriages were not considered legal under
  the eyes of God so families could be sold apart.

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Slavery

• Immigrant labor did not come to the south so many
  slaves learned skills
• Some hired themselves out for pay

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Slavery

• All slaves, regardless of age, worked
• This little boy was a companion for the
  daughter of his owner.

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Urban and Rural Slavery

• Slaves in the cotton fields worked all day in the
  hot sun, ate substandard food, lived in wooden
  shacks and were beaten for minor infractions.
• Slaves in larger towns worked for pay which was
  shared with their owner. They did not have an
  overseer.

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Slave Uprisings

• Denmark Vesey 1822, led a short-lived and
  unsuccessful uprising

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Slave Uprisings

• Nat Turner 1831, led an uprising leading to the
  death of 55 whites.
• The retaliation led to the deaths of hundreds of
  slaves and strengthening the slave codes

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Slave Codes

• Regions and counties made laws for slaves only to
  make certain that slaves stay under the control
  of whites
• After uprisings, codes became stricter, some not
  allowing more than 2 slaves to gather

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Slave Codes

• Most states made it illegal to teach slaves how
  to read and write or learn a trade.
• They could not travel without papers.
• Even then, there was a chance that they would be
  kidnapped and sold to another owner

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Pro-Slavery Advocates

• Southerners defended slavery by
• The Bible Slaves should obey their masters
• Slaves were learning about Jesus and away from
  the savages in Africa
• Slaves were happy doing menial labor

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Economics of Slavery

• The cost of a prime field hand was about 1,500 -
  2,000
• It cost about 20 each year to care for a slave
• The care was necessary from birth to death, 60-70
  years, and during non-growing seasons

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Economics of Wage Earners

• There was no initial cost
• Competition among workers kept salaries low
• There were no benefits and workers only got paid
  when there was work to do
• Sick or injured workers did not get paid at all

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Reforming American Society

• Chapter 8
• Section 3
• Women and Reform

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Cult of Domesticity

• Womens roles changed in the early to mid 1800s
  but they were still treated like property
• Some women began protesting for equality for
  women and slaves

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Cult of Domesticity

• Women were housewives once they got married
• There jobs included cooking, cleaning, tending to
  the children, and household food
• These are the women who were impacted by the
  Second Great Awakening

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Cult of Domesticity

• Women in the 1830s had more free time than their
  mothers since they could hire immigrants to help
  with domestic chores
• They joined the causes of abolitionism and
  temperance, and eventually, feminism

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Sarah and Angelina Grimke

• Daughters of southern slaveholders, the Grimke
  sisters became avid spokesmen for the
  anti-slavery movement
• Angelina wrote An Appeal to Christian Women of
  the South urging them to rid the country of
  slavery

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Temperance

• The beverages of choice in the 1800s
  were beer and whiskey
• With the new machinery of the Industrial
  Revolution, men were getting injured and even
  killed
• Reformers blamed alcohol on the breakup of
  families and poverty

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Temperance

• Women led the temperance movement.
• Temperance societies sprung up throughout the
  country
• They were so successful that alcohol consumption
  dropped by 50

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Education for Women

• Sara Grimke ran one of several schools open for
  women
• Oberlin College opened their doors to women
• Elizabeth Blackwell became Americas first female
  doctor

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Education for Women

• Catherine Beecher took a survey on womens health
  and found that 3 of every 4th woman was ill since
  they rarely bathed or exercised.

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Seneca Falls Convention

• In 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
  held a convention for womens rights
• They declared that women were entitled to the
  same rights and equality as men

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Seneca Falls Convention

• Sojourner Truth, Isabella Baumfree,
  spoke about her life as a
  slave
• She was booed and hissed at because
  the women did not want feminism to get
  lost while promoting abolitionism

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Reforming American Society

• Chapter 8
• Section 4
• The Changing Workplace

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Factory Workers

• When labor shifted away from homes and into
  factories, women and children became part of the
  labor force
• The Lowell Mills was a prototype for women in the
  workplace
• As cheaper, immigrant labor entered
  the country, women were
  replaced by men and children

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Factory Workers

• The new type of labor put a strain on families
  already fighting poverty and disease

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Before the Factory

• Goods were produced in homes, cottage industries
• Handmade items, mostly completed by
  women were sold
  at the market

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Home Crafts

• Trade unions were established during the Middle
  Ages to regulate quality, supply and prices.
• Their basic purpose remained through modern
  American history

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Home to Factory

• Apprentice training phase
• Journeyman skilled employee
• Master most experienced artisan
• Factories became more efficient, prices for
  machine made goods fell, these workers moved from
  making hand-made goods to factory life

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Lowell Mills

• Women worked most textile mills
  because of the low pay
  afforded by these jobs
• Strikes were staged to force the factories to
  give the girls better pay (or to keep it from
  being cut)
• They were not successful and conditions
  deteriorated.

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Industrial Revolution
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Striking Workers

• Strikes continued during the 1830s and 1840s.
• Employers almost always won because immigrants
  gave them an unlimited supply of replacement
  workers
• Immigrants flooded into factory areas, ignoring
  the slave south

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Irish Immigrants

• The Irish faced a famine due to a potato
  blight.
• About 1 million immigrants came to America
• They faced hostility and resentment because of
  their religion and love of whiskey

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Irish Immigrants
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Immigrants
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Trade Unions

• The trades organized unions for specific skills
  shoemaking, printing, comb making, etc
• They formed the largest union, the National
  Trades Union
• The union was dissolved because of opposition
  from bankers

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Commonwealth v. Hunt

• Supported a workers right to strike
• By 1860, labor unions were still weak and small