Animal Structure and Function

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Chapter 40

• Animal Structure and Function

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Anatomy vs. physiology

• Anatomy is structure
• Physiology is function

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Tissues

• Groups of cells with common structure and
  function
• 4 categories
• Epithelial covers and lines
• Connective binds and supports other tissues
• Nervous senses stimuli and transmits signals
• Muscle movement due to contraction

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Figure 40.1 The structure and function of
epithelial tissues
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Figure 40.2 Some representative types of
connective tissue
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Organ systems of animals are interdependent

• 2 major body cavities thoracic and abdominal
• Organs are supported by mesenteries and/or fluid
• Organs make up organ systems

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Table 40.1 Organ Systems Their Main Components
and Functions in Mammals
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Body size and shape affect interactions with the
environment

• Multicellular, but need aqueous environment with
  large surface area for successful exchange of
  gases and liquids

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Figure 40.7 Contact with the environment
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Figure 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of
complex animals
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Figure 40.8 Lining of the small intestine
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Figure 40.8 Lung
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Mechanisms of homeostasis moderate changes in the
internal environment

• Depends of feedback circuits
• Control system has 3 components
• 1. receptor detects change
• 2. control center processes info and
• directs response
• 3. effector makes appropriate response

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Negative feedback

• When a change in the variable being monitored
  triggers the control mechanism to counteract
  further change in the same direction
• Prevents small changes from becoming too large
• This type is most common control mechanism in
  animals

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Figure 40.9a An example of negative feedback
Control of room temperature
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Figure 40.9b An example of negative feedback
Control of body temperature (Layer 1)
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Figure 40.9b An example of negative feedback
Control of body temperature (Layer 2)
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Positive feedback

• Involves a change in some variable that triggers
  mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the
  change.

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Bioenergetics

• Chemical energy is needed for
• growth
• physiological processes
• maintainence and repair
• regulation
• reproduction
• ATP powers cellular work first, allowing cells,
  organs, and organ systems to keep animal alive.
• Animals are heterotrophs that get chemical energy
  from food through enzymatic hydrolysis and the
  absorption of energy-containing fuel molecules

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Figure 40.10 Bioenergetics of an animal an
overview
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Metabolic Rate

• Amount of energy an animals uses in a unit of
  time
• 2 bioenergetic strategies
• 1. endothermic
• 2. ectothermic
• Amount of energy that it takes to maintain each
  gram of body weight is inversely related to body
  size -- why?
• See page 845

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BMR, SMR, Energy Budgets

• See pages 845-847 and define each in terms of
  examples.