Industrialization to Western Expansion

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Industrialization toWestern Expansion
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the west of the imagination
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Mythology of the west

• From art, Dime Novels, early movies, wild west
  shows, etc.
• Exaggerations or distortions of reality

In Without Knocking by Charles Russell,
cowboy/artist
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Wild West justice
Tombstone, AZ March, 1884 Hanging of John
Heath implicated In robbery of a store.
Clifton, AZ jail 1881
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faces of the west
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the west from 1815-1845
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the west by 1850
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the west by 1860
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the west by 1870
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1900
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1920
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surveying the land
Survey team on a rock
Photog. w/ John Wesley Powell expedition Working
with negatives
William Douglas expedition Celebrating
discovery of Rainbow Bridge, Utah
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Round Pond, Oklahoma Territory, 1894
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Getting there
Mormon Wagon Train, 1879
Stage coach, 1911
Steamer on the Rio Grande, 1890
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Railroads

• Before 1850
• Most in the north east
• Dirty /unsafe
• Only connected to neighboring cities
• No standard track width
• No standard signals
• Unreliable breaks
• Problems.?

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Transcontinental Railroad

• Connected east and west coasts
• Most workers were immigrants
• Irish-- Union Pacific from East
• Chinese-- Central Pacific from West
• Promontory Point, Utah
• May 10, 1869
• golden spike
• Government loans

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Steam engines

• Used in ships and locomotives

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Bessemer Process

• Bessemer Converter
• Locomotives
• Bridges
• Tall buildings (early skyscrapers) see p. 234

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Laying tracks

• Steel rails due to Bessemer Process
• durability, lower cost
• increased shipping capacity
• national markets created

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Chinese Irish RR workers
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Time Zones

• Created to improve scheduling

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Telegraph

• Perfected by Samuel B. Morse
• Morse code
• First message 1844
• Improved rail communication
• Post civil-war
• Western Union Telegraph

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Technology and Work in the West
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Mining, Ranching Farming
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Gold Rush

• Speculators and prospectors
• 80 million in 1852 (1.9 billion in 2005)

--New wealth used to create more technology, more
industry
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Klondike prospectors
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• Cattle
• Demand for beef increased after Civil War
• Prices
• Refrigeration RR
• beef available everywhere

• Cattle Trails
• Texas ranches to TC rail depots
• Trails interrupted as rails stretched

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• Cowboys walked cattle up trails to depots
• Hard, slow work
• Despite what it looks like in the movies!

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Towns sprang up around cattle/rail/mining centers
Merchants outfitted from the cradle to the grave
Deadwood, Dakota Territory 1896
Furniture Undertaking merchant Round Pond,
Oklahoma 1894
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Farming on the Plains

• Homesteaders lived a rough life
• Crop/ livestock prices changed a lot
• Why?

Sod house
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Hauling Water, 1905
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Sod SchoolhouseWoods Co., Okla. Terr., ca. 1895
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Barbed Wire

• Invented for livestock containment
• by Joseph Glidden, from New Hampshire
• Forced trials to follow grid-like paths
• Or, ended some trails for good

• Caused erosion of land forms
• still a problem today
• But are there alternatives?

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Early steam-powered plow
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How did all of this effect Native Americans?
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Conflict

• Great Plains between Mississippi and Rockies home
  to many Native American groups
• Settlers believed they were entitled to land
• Homestead Act 1862
• Native Americans didnt believe in land ownership
• Had nomadic lifestyle hunted bison for survival
• Both sides innocent and cruel at the same time

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Land, Resources and Way of Life

• Gov. treaties moved Native Am.s away from
  valuable land.
• --Indian Removal Act of 1830 moved
• Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole Chickasaw
  to reservations

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Government policies

• --later, corruption and intimidation used to
  manipulate native nations of the west
• -- Native Americans would fight back in
  attempt to preserve
• livelihood resources

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Destruction of Bison
Pile of Buffalo skulls
Hunting Buffalo from a train
Heads for sale
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Assimilation of Native Americans

• -- education in Indian Schools
• -- Dawes Act and private property

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3 types of indian war

• Land conquest vs. Land conquest
• Some tribes were warlike, sought to conquer lands
  from rivals
• White settlers/soldiers sought to conquer the
  lands as well
• protection
• Natives sought to protect their people
• Soldiers sought to protect settlements
• Preservation of resources/ livlihood
• Buffalo nomadic lifestyle tribal power
• Land gold, profit

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Indian Battles of later 1800s

• Native Americans perceived as in the way of
  expansion
• railroads, land settlement, mining, etc.
• Goal of US Gov. was to keep them pre-occupied
  with threat of war--
• no time for nomadic lifestyle, hunting
• Not all Indian nations fought together
• Some worked on side of US gov. against rival
  tribes/nations

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Sand Creek 1864-1865

• Fort Lyon, Col.
• US Army volunteers
• Col. Chivington
• Cheyenne Arapaho
• Chiefs Black Kettle, Little Robe, White
  Antelope,
• et. al.
• March or Massacre?

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Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876

• Sioux Cheyenne refused to stay on reservation
• Won 2 small battles with U.S. Calvary, summer of
  1875, emboldened
• Lt. Colonel George Custer
• vs. Chief Crazy Horse, et al.
• (Chief Sitting Bull was there as spiritual
  leader
• didnt fight according to accounts.)

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Crazy Horse
Sitting Bull
Custer
Little Big Horn National Park (battleground
memorial) http//www.nps.gov/libi/
Crazy Horse Memorial http//www.crazyhorse.org/
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Custers Last Stand

• Lt. George Custer and 7th Calvary sent to push
  Sioux back onto reservation.
• Sioux outnumbered them by about 3 to 1
• Sioux had geographical advantage
• Calvary troops split
• Custer and his men killed in less than an hour

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Bones on the battlefield, 1877
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The Dawes Act, 1887

• Land allotment
• 90 million acres of land lost
• About 90,000 Indians made landless
• Tribal lands divided up and allotted and
  eventually sold
• Forced individual ownership (assimilation)

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• By 1890 Congress had opened Indian Territory to
  settlers (boomers and sooners.)

• April 22, 1889-- settlers gathered at boundaries
  of recently opened Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
  
• Cannon sounded at noon and settlers ran to stake
  their claims.

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Wounded Knee, Dec. 29, 1890

• (Oglala Lakota) Sioux Chiefs involved Bigfoot
  Sitting Bull
• Ghost Dance
• Ghost Shirts believed to protect Natives from
  bullets of white men
• shirts worn in spiritual dance ceremonies
• Frightened white settlers

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perception
reality
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Wounded Knee, contd.

• Souix were to be moved to Nebraska
• Would turn themselves in at Pine Ridge Agency in
  S.D.
• Day prior, met by 7th calvary for disarmament
• Shot was fired among the Sioux
• 7th Calv. shot back
• Eyewitness accounts say a rifle accidentally
  discharged

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Chief Bigfoot
Mass Grave
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