MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

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MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

• Found in all living things
• Building blocks of all cells
• Made up of the atoms Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
  Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
• There are 4
• Carbohydrates ? C, H, O
• Lipids ? C, H, O
• Proteins ? C, H, O, N, S
• Nucleic Acids ? C, H, O, N, P

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Carbohydrates

• Basic units sugars
• Provide energy and structural support
• Fiber is a carbohydrate that prevents
  constipation
• Foods breads, cereals, vegetables, fruits,
  seeds
• Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the
  liver

• Glucose

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Lipids/Fats

• Basic units fatty acids
• Functions provides energy structure, cushions
  the body, and prevents heat loss
• Found in butter, margarine, candy
• made of fatty acid molecules that consist two
  distinct regions
• a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain
• a hydrophilic head

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Saturated Fats

• contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
• has lots of hydrogen
• solid at room temperature (beef, pork, chicken,
  dairy)
• found in animal products
• Reduce Intake! ? can clog blood vessels

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Unsaturated Fats

• contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds
  fewer hydrogen atoms
• Liquid at room temperature (oils, nuts, seeds)
• found in plant products
• Better Intake!

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Molecular structures of Fats

• Saturated Fat

• Unsaturated Fat

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DNA Structure discovery

• James Watson and Francis Crick with DNA Model in
  1953.

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Nucleic Acids

• Atoms C, H, O, N, P
• Basic units nucleotides composed of ?
• Sugar
• Phosphate group
• Base cytosine, guanine, adenime, thymine,
  uracil
• There are two types
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• Function DNA directs controls all activities
  of all cells in an organism RNA helps

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DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

• DNA is the hereditary material passed on from
  parents to offspring
• Structure double-stranded
• Phosphate group
• Sugar ? deoxyribose
• Bases ?
• Cytosine Guanine
• Adenine Thymine

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RNA

• RNA helps the DNA
• RiboNucleic Acid
• Structure single-stranded
• Basic units nucleotides
• Phosphate group
• Sugar ? ribose
• Bases ?
• Cytosine Guanine
• Adenine Uracil

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Nitrogenous Bases
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Proteins

• Atoms C, H, O, N, P, S
• Basic units amino acids (20)
• Provide energy structure, repairs body tissues
  
• Some are called hormones, enzymes,
  neurotransmitters, etc.
• Foods high in protein meat, eggs, poultry, milk
  milk products, nuts, dried beans, peas,
  lentils

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Proteins

• Primary Structure
• The very basic strand of amino acids

• Secondary Structure
• The hydrogen-bond interaction among strands of
  amino acids giving alpha helices and beta-sheets
  shapes .

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Proteins

• Tertiary Structure
• Interaction between alpha helices and
  beta-sheets.
• These protein domains for small globular
  proteins.

• Quaternary Structure
• Small globular proteins form protein aggregates.
  
• A famous example is hemoglobin.

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Protein Structures
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Protein Structures (Contd)
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Enzymes

• Are proteins
• Speed up chemical reactions without being
  consumed or using energy
• Enzymes
• Amylase - breaks down sugar
• Proteases - break down proteins
• Lipases - break down lipids
• Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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Enzyme Action Models

• Models

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Enzyme Action Models

• lock and key model ? substrate the enzyme fit
  together perfectly
• induced-fit model ? Enzyme changes shape
  slightly to accommodate the substrate

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Factors that affect enzyme action

• Temperature 37oC best for human enzymes
• pH different for each enzyme
• 7 for amylase in the mouth
• 2 for pepsin in the stomach
• 8 for trypsin in the intestines
• Concentration of enzyme and substrate
• Coenzymes helpers such as minerals and vitamins

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Macromolecules parts of the cell Membrane