The Neofreudians: Part I

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The Neofreudians Part I

• Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

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I. The Neofreudians

• Many of Freuds followers joined the Vienna
  Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by
  Freud, focused on Freuds view of personality.
• Freud fought vehemently with anyone who
  challenged his views.
• Several members of the group, left to form their
  own views of personality (schools, associations).

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Neofreudian criticisms of Freuds theory

• 1. Rejected idea that adult personality is
  completely formed by 5- or 6-years old.
• 2. Argued that Freuds focused too much on
  biological instincts (ignored social factors.)
• 3. Rejected overall negative tone of theory.

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II.Who were the Neofreudians?

• Carl Jung
• Alfred Adler
• Erik Erikson
• Karen Horney
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Erich Fromm

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III. Carl Jung (1875-1961)

• Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant
• Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child
  who kept to himself.
• Pondered the nature of dreams visions he
  experienced.
• Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 went on to
  study schizophrenia, consciousness, hypnosis.
• He became interested in Freud after reading The
  Interpretation of Dreams.

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Jung

• Jung Freud met in 1907 became close
  colleagues.
• Jung formally left Freuds group in 1913.
• Jung spent the next 7 years in intense
  introspectionled to his theory of personality.

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A. The Collective Unconscious

• There are common themes experiences that all
  people in all cultures experience.
• Religion Monotheism
• Christianity God
• Islam-Allah
• Buddism--Budda

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Mythology Common themes across cultures
(ancient, recent)

• Hero heroine
• Dastardly villain
• Naïve youth wise old-age

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Why do common themes appear across all cultures?

• Jung argued we have a collective unconscious.
• That is, we have unconscious thoughts images
  that are innate, the same for all people,
  passed on through genetics.

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The collective unconscious is made up of
primordial images.

• These images called archetypes, are the universal
  symbolic images of a particular person, object,
  or experience.
• E.g., the archetype of mother is in
• the childs collective unconscious.

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Types of archetypes

• 1. Anima is the feminine side of a male (is
  repressed).
• 2. Animus is the masculine side of a female (is
  repressed).
• A principle function of this archetype is to
  guide us in mate selection. Why???

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3. Shadow Our dark side

• This is the unconscious part of ourselves
• that is negative.
• The shadow is located both in the personal
  unconscious (repressed) collective unconscious
  (as evil).
• Jung argued you couldnt have good without evil.
  This concept is found throughout every culture.
• We need to accept the shadow, so that we dont
  project negativity onto members of the same sex.

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Other common archetypes

• Mother/Father
• Shining young knight
• Sun/Moon
• God/Devil
• Mandala (ordersymbolized by square in a
  circle).
•  

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B. Psychological Types

• Three dimensions
• 1. introversion versus extraversion
• 2. thinking versus feeling
• 3. sensations versus intuition

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Type identification

• 1. First, determine if person is an introvert or
  extravert? This is the fundamental attitude of
  the individual.
• 2. Second, assess which of 4 functions (thinking,
  feeling, sensation, or intuition) the person
  prefers (the dominant function).
• These fundamental attitude is combined with the 4
  functions if 8 possible ways.

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Introversion vs. Extraversion

• Introverts turn their attention their libido
  inward, to their own thoughts and inner states.
• Extraverts direct their energy attention
  outward, to people experiences in the world.

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What determines if a person is an extravert or
introvert???

• Jung argued heredity determines whether the
  libido is direct inward or outward.
• Jung believed this part of a persons personality
  would remain stable throughout his/her life.
• Current research supports this hypothesis.
  However, the concept of extraversion has been
  criticized.

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The Four Functions

• These describe the fundamental cognitive
  processes that we use to make solve problems.
• Do we emphasize logical thinking or emotional
  feeling?
• How do we gather information on which to base
  those decisions?

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Thinking and Feeling

• Thinking feeling are alternative ways of making
  value decisions or judgments.
• Thinking vs. Feeling
• Jung rejected the assumption that rational
  thought is superior to emotion.
• He argued that a healthy adult has a balance
  between thinking emotion.

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Sensation and intuition

• These are complimentary ways of getting
  information about the world.
• Sensation types focuses on details
  information that comes from the senses. These
  folks have difficulty seeing big picture.
• Intuition types have difficulty with details,
  see big picture (high among artistic creative
  folks)

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Measuring Jungs types

• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives
  scores for Introversion-extraversion 4 paired
  functions (thinking-feeling sensation-intuition)
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• It determines which of the 4 functions is
  dominant.
• It does this by examining whether the external
  world is approached by a judging function
  (thinking or feeling, whichever is higher) or a
  perceiving function (sensation or intuition,
  whichever is higher).

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Validity of MBTI

• Research using the MBTI confirms that it is a
  reliable valid measure that correlates with
  other psychological tests as one would expect
  (Campbell Heller, 1987).
• Certain scales have been questioned such as the
  extraversion scale (does it simply measure
  sociability, rather than generally turning energy
  outward).

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IV. Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

• An Austrian physician, Adler was one of the first
  to break from Freuds group (1911).
• Rejected Freuds notion of penis envy, argued
  that women really envy mens power status.
• Adler founded Individual psychology
• Adler emphasized importance of conscious
  goal-directed behavior down played unconscious
  influences.

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Adler

• All humans begin life with a sense of
  inferiority.
• We are helpless as children need adults to
  survive.
• Adler argued we struggle the rest of our lives to
  overcome this feeling of inferiority.

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We struggle to overcome inferiority.

• Adler called this natural instinct striving for
  superiority.
• Striving for superiority doesnt mean being
  superior over others, rather to improve
  ourselves.
• Thus, our primary motivation is to improve
  ourselves.

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What happens if we fail?

• If we fail to overcome feelings of vulnerability
  weakness, we develop an inferiority complex.
• Here, an individual believes they are inferior
  feel powerless, weak, helpless.

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Adler- Parenting styles

• Parents who pamper or neglect their children
  are harming them.
• These parenting styles robs the child of
  independence may create greater feelings of
  inferiority.
• E.g., child who was pampered cannot handle
  lifes problems, because he/she had someone else
  to do it.
• Adler argued kids need to struggle with their
  mistakes to learn from them.

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