The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

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The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

• Chapter 3

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Carbon and Life

• All living things _____________________
• Has ___________in outer shell (very reactive)
• Organic moleculescontain carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon atoms are joined in _______________
• _______________________________________
• _____________________attach to carbon backbone
  and determine characteristics and reactivity

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Carbons Bonding Behavior

• Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons can hold 8
• Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up
  to ________________

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Bonding Arrangements

• Carbon atoms can form chains or rings
• Other atoms project from the ________
• _________________

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Functional Groups

• Atoms or clusters of atoms that are
  ______________________to carbon backbone
• Give organic compounds their __________
• _________________________

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Examples of Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group - ______________
• _____________ - NH2
• Carboxyl group - COOH
• Phosphate group - _______________
• _______________ - SH

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O
estrogen
HO
Fig. 3-4a, p.35
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OH
testosterone
O
Fig. 3-4a, p.35
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Types of Reactions used to Construct Organic
Molecules

• Functional group transfer
• Electron transfer
• Rearrangement
• Dehydration Synthesis
• Hydrolysis

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Forms ________________ from subunits
• H and OH group removed and join together
• Produces ___________

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Fig. 3.4.a
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Hydrolysis

• Reverse of _________________________
• A type of cleavage (molecule splits) reaction
• ____________________into smaller units
• H2O is broken down into its ____________
• Food we eat is ______________ to provide raw
  materials to build new polymers

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Fig. 3.4.b
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4 Categories of Biological Molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Important __________________________
• Molecules with a 121 ratio of carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen
• empirical formula (CH2O)n
• Combine in __________________________
• Can be small water soluble sugars to long chains
  of sugars
• Monosaccharide-1 simple sugar (glucose, fructose)
• Disaccharide2 monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose)
• Polysaccaride3 or more monosaccharides (starch,
  glycogen)long-term energy storage

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Carbohydrates
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Disaccharides
glucose
fructose

• Two _______________ covalently bonded
• Formed by dehydration synthesis

H2O
sucrose
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Carbohydrates
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Polysaccharides

• Straight or branched chains of many sugar
  monomers
• Most common are composed entirely of glucose
• _______________________
• Starch (such as amylose)
• _______________________

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Carbohydrates
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Function of Carbohydrates

• Energy storage (starch, glycogen, simple sugars)
• _____________________(cellulose, chitin)
• Cellulose most abundant molecule on
  Earthindigestible to most animals_____________
• Glucose (C6H12O6)

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Fig. 3.11
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Lipids

• Composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen
• Nonpolar regions make them ___________ in water
• 3 major groups
• 1. Oils, fats, waxes
• 2. ______________________
• 3. Steroids

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1. Oils, fats, waxes

• Contain only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Contain one or more __________________ (long
  chain of C and H with a carboxyl group at the end
  COOH)
• Very high in ____________________
• Stored as fat for _____________________
• Efficient for storageless _________ than
  carbohydrates

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Types of fat

• ____________________solid at room temperature
• Animal fat
• Structure is ________________________
• Forms clumps at room temperature
• ______________________________

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Fig. 3.27.a
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Unsaturated Fat

• _______________ at room temperature
• Plant fat (oil)
• _______________________in the structure
• Keeps molecules ________________
• Can break double bonds and add hydrogens in their
  place_______________________(margarine)

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Fig. 3.27.b
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Waxes

• _______________________________
• _____________ at outdoor temperatures
• Protective coating for plant _____________
• ________________________________
• Coating on ___________________
• Beehives

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2. Phospholipids

• Composes ________________________
• Made up of 3 fatty acids
• One is water soluble, 2 are not
• Creates a molecule with both hydrophilic and
  hydrophobic ends
• ___________________________________

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Phospholipids

• ___________________of cell membranes

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3. Steroids

• _______________________fused together
• Cholesterolvital component to cell membrane
• _____________________
• Male and female sex hormones
• Regulates salt levels
• Regulates bile production

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Nucleic Acids

• Made up of long chains of subunits called
  _______________________
• 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a base
• 2 types of nucleotides
• Ribose nucleotidescontains sugar ribose
  (____________)
• Deoxyribose nucleotidescontains the sugar
  deoxyribose (_____________)

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids

• Molecules of ___________________
• DNA and RNA
• DNA contained in all living things
• Provides blueprint for building an
  ______________________
• RNA directs manufacturing of ________________

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotide Functions

• _____________________
• Coenzymes
• _____________________
• Building blocks for nucleic acids

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Nucleic Acids

• Other nucleotides
• -ATP adenosine triphosphate
• -primary _________________of the cell
• -NAD and FAD __________________for many
  cellular reactions

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ATP - A Nucleotide
base
three phosphate groups
sugar
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Proteins

• Protein functions include
• 1. _________________ catalysts
• 2. defense
• 3. _________________
• 4. _________________
• 5. motion
• 6. regulation
• 7. _________________

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Proteins

• Proteins are _________________________.
• Amino acids
• -___________ different amino acids
• -joined by dehydration synthesis
• -__________________form between adjacent amino
  acids

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Proteins
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Proteins

• _____________________molecules
• Shape determined by the _______________
• _________________proteins whose shapes are
  disrupted
• Eggsfrying in a pan _________________
• __________, ultraviolet rays, __________, acid
  solutions can denature proteins

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Proteins