THE MICROSCOPE

1
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2
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3

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4

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• ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????
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5
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7
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8
THE MICROSCOPE
9
History First record of using glass lens for
magnification was by Al Hazen, an Muslim
scientist from what is now known as Iran, in the
10 and 11th century. He performed the bulk of
his studies and work in Spain. His treatise on
the colors of the sunset were translated to
Latin. He contradicted Ptolemy's and Euclid's
theory of vision that objects are seen by rays of
light emanating from the eyes. According to Al
Hazen, the rays originate from the object of
vision and not in the eye. Because of his
extensive research on vision, he has been
considered by many as the father of modern
optics.

http//home.att.net/mleary/alhazen.htm
10
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
15th century on - Studies done with glass
magnifiers to study objects in detail mostly as a
curiosity by non-scientists - Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek (dry goods merchant) described three
shapes of bacterial cells using his simple,
single lens microscope (glass bead in metal
holder). Was probably influenced by Robert Hooke.
11
Instructions on making A Leeuwenhoek microscope
http//www.mindspring.com/7Ealshinn/Leeuwenhoekpl
ans.html
12
Robert Hooke In 1665, Hooke described cork and
other microorganisms in a drop of water. First
to produce a book on microscopical observations.
Made several modifications creating a compound
microscope. Few improvements were made to the
light microscope until the 19th century.
13
History of Optical Microscope
14
History of Optical Microscope
15
History of
16
History of Optical Microscope
17
History of Optical Microscope
18
History of Optical Microscope
19
History of Optical Microscope
20
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21

• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1677? ?? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????
  ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???
  ???.

22
(No Transcript)
23

• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????
  ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
  ??????? ?????? ??? 1694 ????? ??????????? ????
  ???? ??? ????? ????? 18 ???? ???? 1699 ????? ???
  ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???
  ???????.

24
(No Transcript)
25
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26
1186?? 1775 ?
(??????????)
(????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????
???????)
27
Capacitated sperm fertilize the oocyte in the
Ampulla of the ovaduct. Sperm penetrate the zona
pellucida via the Acrocomal Reaction
3 polar bodies now
Pronuclear Fusion induces completion of Meiosis II
28
The Acrosomal Reaction Caused by interaction of
the sperm with molecules of the zona pellucida
Interaction between sperm and egg is species
specific
29
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30
Two blocks to Polyspermy 1) Fast block -
Electrical (Ca influx) 2) Slow block - Physical
(Cortical Reaction)
31
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32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
?????? ?????? ???? ??????
35

• ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????
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• ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????
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  ??????? ??????? 13 ? ????????? ??????
  ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????
  ???????? ????? ??????? ????? 45-46

36

• ?? ????? ????? ???? (??? ???? ???? ????) ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???
  ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ????
  ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????
  ???? ???? (??? ???? ???? ????) ?? ????? ?? ??
  ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????
• ???? ?????? ???? 7460

37
????? ???????? ????? ??????
38

• ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????
  ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
  ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????
  ?? ?????? ?? ???????.

39

• ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????
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40

• ????? ?????
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  ?????.
• ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????
  ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? 172.

41

• ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
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  ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????
  ?????????????? ?????? 6-7.

42
?????? ????? ??????
43

• ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??
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  ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ???????.

44

• ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ???? (??? ???? ???? ????) ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
  ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

45

• ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ?????????????? ?????? 5-7
• ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
• ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
  ???????? ???? ??? ???.

46

• ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
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  ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
  ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????.

47

• ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
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  ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? (??? ?????
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• ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? 40

48

• ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
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  ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 20 ????? ?????
  ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.
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  ???? ??????.

• ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????
  ????.

49

• ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????
  ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  ????????? ??????? (????? ?????).

50

• ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????
• ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
  (Graffian) ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????.
• ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????.

51

• ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????
  (??? ?????) ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????
  ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
  ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.

52

• ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???
  ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
  ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????
  ??? ??? ??????? (??? ???? ???? ????) ????? ??
  ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.

53
????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??
54
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????
???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????
???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????.
55
?? ??? 1933? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????
????? (Schroeder) ???????? (Koltzoff) ??? ??
?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? Y
?? ???? ???? ?????? X ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
?????? (??????) ? ????? ?????? (???????).
56
?? ??? 1990? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (Roscoff)
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????
??????? ????? ????? ???????.
57
?? ??? 1992? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???
??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Y ?? ???
??????? ?????? X ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????.
58
?? ??? 1996? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
59
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????
?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? Y ?? X
??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????
??????? 1 1.
60
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? X
(???? ???? ???? ?????) ????? ????.
61
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? Y
(?????? ??????) ????? ????.
62

• ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??
  ???? ?????
• ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????
  ?????.
• ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????
  ?????? Y ????? ????? ?????? X ??? ????? ?????????
  ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???.
• ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  ???? ?? ????? ?????.

63
??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????
???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??
??? ????? ???? ??????.
64
?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????
???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??
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???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????
???? ????
65

• 1935 - Max Knoll demonstrates the theory of the
  scanning electron microscope

1938 - First scanning electron microscope
produced by von Ardenne
Knoll and Ruska 1986 Nobel Prize winners
1939 - Ruska and von Borries, working for Siemens
produce the first commercially available EM
66

• 1939 - First EM built in North America by James
  Hillier and Albert Prebus at the University of
  Toronto

Dr. Ladd
Dr. Prebus
67
(No Transcript)
68
Light vs Electron Microscope
69
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy,
Genomics and Its Impact on Medicine and Society
A 2001 Primer, 2001
70
Human Genome Project
71
??? ???? ??? ????????
72
??? ???? ??? ????????

• ????? ???????
• ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??
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  ???????? ????????? .
• ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? .
• ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????
  ???? ?? ??? ????? .

73
??? ???? ??? ????????

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  ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 100 ????
  ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? 2?? ??????? ???? ??
  ?? ???? ????? ?????? .

74
??? ???? ??? ????????

• ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 23 ????? ?? ????????????
  ????? ?? ???? , ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??
  ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ????
  ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????
  ??? ?????? ??????? .
• ??? ????? ??????? ???????
• ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
  ?????? . ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? .

75
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
????? ??????? ?
76
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
????? ??????? ?

• ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
  ????? ??????? .
• ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ?????
  ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????
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  ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ?
  ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? .

77
???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?
78
??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
????? ??????? ?

• ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????
  ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? .
• ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
  ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ......
  ????? ?????? .
• ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????
  ??????? ?? ????? ????? .

79
??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????
??????.
80
????? ?????? ?????? (DNA structure)
81

• ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????
  ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??????.
• ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????.
• ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ?????? .
• ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????
  (?? ?? ??? DNA ) ??? ????? ??
  ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? (Double Helix).
  
• ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
  ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???.
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????
  (Nucleotides) ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
• ???( ???) ?(??) ?(??) ? (??) ( (A, T,
  C,G???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????
  ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????
  ????? ???? ???????( ???) ????? ??????? (??) ?
  ???????( ??) ???? ????? ???????( ??).
• ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? .
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ( 44 ??? ??? XY ) ?
  ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ( 44 ??? ??? XX)
• ????? ??? ??????????( ??? Y) ??? ??? ????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????
  .

82
????? ???????
???????? ??????? ?? ?????

• 1 ) ?????? ?????? ( ??????? ?????? )
  Spermatogenesis
• ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ? ??
  ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??
  ??? ????? ??? (22??? Y) ?? ( 22??? X) . ?
  ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (Meiosis)
  ???? ( ?????) ?????? ???????? ???????? ???
  ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????? ????? ?????? ???????(spermatogonic cell)
  ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????
  ?????? ??????? ( 23 ???????? ????).
• ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????
  ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??
  ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???
  ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????
  ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????
  ????????(??????) (CROSS OVER CHISMATA) ???????
  ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????
  ????? ??? 46 ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???
  23 ???????? ????.

• ?????? ???????

• ?????

• ??????

????????? ???????
83
??????? CHIASMATA))
???????

• ???????
• ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????
  ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??
  ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????.
• ???????
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?? ????
  ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? CROSS OVER
  CHISMATA

• ?????? ???????

• ???????

84
2-?????? ?????? ( ???????( Oogenesis

???????? ??????? ?? ??????

• ?????? ???????

• ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (
  ???????) ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
  ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????
  ???????? ( 22??? X) ? ?????? ???????? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????
  ??????

• ?????

• ??????

• ???????

85
???????( Fertilization)

• ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??
  ????? ( ???? ????? ) ????? ?????? ???????? ??
  ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????( Zygote
  ) ????? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????
  ????????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
  ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????
  ? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
  ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ( Dominant characters ) ?????????
• (Recessive characters ) ???? ?? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? .

• ???????

• ???????

• ??????? ??????

86
????? ???? ?????? (zygote development)

• ???????? ????????(Mitosis) ????? ?????? ????????
  ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????
  ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???
  ( ????? ) ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???
  ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????????
  ???? . ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?
  ????? ??? ????? ????? .

??????
???????? ????????
87
????? ??????? ?? ?????(Embryo Growth)

• ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
  ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???
  ?? ????? ? ???? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
  ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
  ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? .
• ? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? (
  ????? ) ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ( Messenger R.N.A) ?????
  ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????(
  Transfer R.N.A.) ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???
  ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? (
  Ribosome) ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ( Ribosomal RNA )
  ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????
  ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???????? ????????
  (Gene transcription) ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??????? (Genotype )??? ????? ??????? Phenotype))
  ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????
  ????? .

88
????? ??????? ??????? (Types of genetic
programming)

• ?????
• ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ?? (44 x y )
• ??????
• ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ???( 44 x x )
• ??????
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????????
  ??????? Spermatogenesis meiosis)
• ??????
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???
  ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????????
  ??????? (Oogenesis
  meiosis
• ??????
• ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???
  ????? ????? . (Mitosis Duplication of cell
  number)
• ??????
• ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ( (m-RN
• ??????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ??????(t-RNA)
• ??????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? (r-RNA) ?? ???
  ????? ?????????? .
• 
  
  

89
????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????(Genetic changes
in new generations)

• ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????
  
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• (Recessive characters (( Dominant characters)

90
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91

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  polygenic inheritance )
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92

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