Sources of Motivation

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Sources of Motivation
Motivation
Internal Motives
External Events
Needs
Cognition
Emotions
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Needs
Psychological
Physiological
Organismic
Acquired
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Need

• - a deficiency-satisfying or growth-promoting
  condition of the individual that produces energy
  and behavioral direction.

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The Need - Drive Relationship

• Needs
• Drive
• Goal-directed Behavior

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Processes in Regulation

• Physiological Need
• Drive
• Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback

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Processes in Regulation(cont.)

• Multiple Inputs/Multiple Outputs
• Extraorganismic Mechanisms
• Intraorganismic Mechanisms

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Endocrine Glands

• Anterior Pituitary - controls many other
  endocrine glands
• Posterior Pituitary - prevents loss of water
  through the kidneys
• Thyroid - affects metabolic rate
• Islet Cells in Pancreas - affects utilization of
  glucose
• Adrenal Cortex - various effects on metabolism
  sexual behavior
• Adrenal Medulla - increases sugar output of liver
• Ovaries - responsible for development of sex
  characteristics, but not behavior
• Testes - responsible for development of sex
  characteristics involved in sexual arousal

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Thirst

• Two sources
• Osmotic Thirst - intracellular fluid depletion
• Volemic Thirst - extracellular fluid depletion
• Thirst Satiety
• Thirst the Hypothalamus
• Environmental Influences

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Hunger

• Multiple cues
• Glucostatic Hypothesis
• Lateral Hypothalamus
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• Lipostatic Hypothesis
• Set-Point Theory
• The role of the Stomach

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Hunger

• Environmental Influences
• Food variety
• Sensory cues - sight, smell, appearance, taste
• Time of day
• Stress
• Social facilitation
• Group acceptance pressure
• Restraint Release

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Anorexia nervosa

• disorder in which preoccupation with dieting and
  thinness leads to excessive weight loss
• 20x more likely in females than males
• an estimated 1,000 women die each year of
  anorexia nervosa.
• often begins as an extension of the ritual of
  normal dieting

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Anorexia nervosa

• Danger Signs
• losing a significant amount of weight
• continuing to diet when thin
• feeling fat, even after losing weight
• fearing weight gain
• losing monthly menstrual periods
• preoccupation with food, calories, nutrition
  and/or cooking
• preferring to diet in isolation
• exercising compulsively

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Anorexia nervosa

• Possible contributors
• Need for control in one's life
• Need to please others
• Dread of being fat
• Depression
• Low self esteem
• Unresolved abuse as a child
• Social attitude toward peer pressure and toward
  thinness

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Anorexia nervosa

• DSM-IV Criteria
• Refusal to maintain a normal body weight for age
  and height.Maintains 85 or less of optimal
  weight.
• Intense fear of weight gain even though
  underweight.
• Disturbed self esteem affected by body weight,
  size or shape
• Absence of 3 or more consecutive menstrual cycles
  in postmenarcheal females

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Bulimia nervosa

• involves frequent episodes of binge eating,
  almost always followed by purging and intense
  feelings of guilt or shame.
• Up to 5 of college women in the US are bulimic.

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Bulimia nervosa

• Danger Signs
• binging, or eating uncontrollably
• purging by strict dieting, fasting, vigorous
  exercise, vomiting or abusing laxatives or
  diuretics in an attempt to lose weight
• using the bathroom frequently after meals
• preoccupation with body weight
• depression or mood swings
• irregular periods
• developing dental problems, swollen
  cheeks/glands, heartburn and/or bloating
• experiencing personal or family problems with
  drugs or alcohol

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Obesity

• Not caused by responsiveness to external cues
• Not solely a function of how much someone eats
• Genetic forces
• Hypothalamic Signals
• Metabolic rate
• Number of fat cells
• Liver disorders

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Obesity

• Environmental Forces
• Child-rearing practices
• Child-feeding practices
• Socio-economic status
• Fat content of diet
• Lack of exercise
• Stress

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Obesity

• Additional Factors
• Age - metabolism slows down as people age
• Gender - males have a higher resting metabolic
  rate than females
• Activity level - activity tends to diminish
  appetite in obese individuals
• Body weight - heavier people require more
  calories to maintain their body weights than
  lighter one

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Sex

• Physiological Regulation
• Hypothalamus
• controls release of androgens and estrogens
• Anterior Pituitary
• stimulated by hypothalamus to release FSH LH
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
• activates sperm production estrogen release
• Luteinizing Hormone
• activates testosterone production ovulation

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Sex

• Four-phase
• Sexual Response Cycle
• Excitation
• Plateau
• Orgasm
• Resolution

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Sex

• Environmental Influences
• Facial Metrics
• Neonatal features
• Sexual maturity features
• Expressive features
• Sexual Scripts
• Sexual Schemas

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Sex

• What do men want?
• What do women want?