Understanding IR: History Chapter 1.2

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Understanding IRHistory (Chapter 1.2)

• PSC 124
• Spring 2007
• Northrup

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Today

• PPT from web?
• GDP Comparison
• Chapter 1.2 A Quick Tour of World History!

Colonial India
War in Somalia
WWI Propaganda in US
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Measuring a Countrys Wealth

• Gross Domestic Product is often used to measure
  an economys strength
• Definition of GDP
• the total value of goods and services produced
  within a territory
• during a specified period (or, if not specified,
  annually)
• Per capita income or average income also used to
  compare the wealth of countries

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Comparison of World Regions, 2003
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Human Development Index

• HDI includes life expectancy, health, literacy
  and quality of life measures beyond economics

Green .80 and greater Yellow .65 to
.79 Orange .40 to .64 Brown .39 and below
Indicates not in textbook
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A Quick Tour of World History

• Overview
• Great-Power System
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• World Economy
• Two World Wars (Video - Auschwitz)
• Cold War

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OVERVIEWLegacy of History

• Present system product of Western civilization
• Post-colonial world outside North America
  Influence of pre-existing cultures
• North America immigrant influence

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Arab Influence on West

• Europe in its Monty Python dark ages (AD 476
  to 1000)
• Arab civilization in golden age (750 to 1260)
• Advances
• Mathematics
• Paper-making
• Astronomy
• Field of medicine (hospitals, doctors, medicines)
• Architecture

Architecture in Golden Age
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Rise of European Dominance

• Began to rise around 1500, after Renaissance
• Italian city-states, Machiavelli and power
  politics
• European rulers began world exploration and
  discovery cannons on ships
• Industrial revolution after 1750 accelerated
  development of international system of
• imperialism
• trade
• war

Power Loom 1785
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GREAT POWER SYSTEM

• Dated from Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
• Treaty that ended Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Ended feudalism
• Began notion and principles of nation-state
• Sovereignty
• Territorial integrity
• Legal equality
• Nonintervention
• Political religious self-determination
• Ability of states or coalitions of states to
  balance power against each other

Oathtaking of Treaty
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Napoleonic Wars Challenge to Principles of
Sovereignty

• 1803-1815 France attempted to build an empire
• Defeated by coalition of Britain, Netherlands,
  Austria-Hungary, Spain, Russia, and Prussia
  (later Germany)
• Congress of Vienna ended war (1815)
• Reasserted principles of state sovereignty

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20th Century

• 3 new powers US, Japan, Italy
• Great power system became globalized (rather than
  European)
• Continued industrialization allowed strongest
  countries to expand their power
• Two World Wars playing out of balancing of
  power to prevent empire building
• Cold War 40 years of relative balance of power

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IMPERIALISM

• Start in 15th century development of
  ocean-going ships
• 16th century - Spain and Portugal empires in
  Central America and Brazil
• Britain and France in North America and Caribbean
• Slave trade
• Colonies in Africa, India, coastal areas of China
• Wealth built for European rulers
• Wiped out indigenous people, imposed culture and
  language

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Decolonization

• Began with US and later Latin America
• But still colonization through late 1800s
  (Africa, India)
• Significant decolonization after WWII
• Newly independent states have huge challenges
• Enduring legacy of colonial presence and actions
• Some call this neocolonial age
• Use of economic operations to maintain control
• Creates new dependencies
• Trade policies
• Great power cartels like WTO refuse loans or
  encourage deep debt
• Investment and operations of MNCs

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Return to the Human Development Index
Green .80 and greater Yellow .65 to
.79 Orange .40 to .64 Brown .39 and below
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NATIONALISM

• Some consider most important force in world
  politics in past 200 years
• Principles
• Self-determination those who identify as nation
  should have right to form state
• Should be able to have sovereignty
• Should be able to maintain territorial integrity
• Nationalism as an ideology
• Nationalism and nationalistic movements may lead
  to violence, rebellion

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Case of Northern Ireland

• Conflicting identities
• British
• Catholics
• Protestants
• Differential power distributed along
  nation-identity lines
• Such conflicts often result in violence

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Use and Reinforcement of National Identity

• Nationalism used by leaders to mobilize
• National identity reinforced through
  psychological/social processes daily
• E.g. telling in Northern Ireland
• United States what practices reinforce
  American identity

Nationalist wall mural Derry 1986
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WORLD ECONOMY

• Technological developments and economics
• Industrialization steam engine 1769, cotton gin
  1794
• Coal powered iron steamships 1850s
• Railroads
• Allowed trade to expand time and space
• Britain dominated in 1800s, products worldwide
  favored free trade
• Britain financial capital of world
• US overtook Britain in 1900s immigrant labor,
  vast pool of natural resources, electricity, cars
  and planes

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Economy Post WWII

• World economy restructured under US leadership
• Creation of World Bank and IMF (International
  Monetary Fund)
• Economy separate from communist countries
  Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
• 1970s and 1980s USSR economy stagnated
• Eventual collapse of system
• Now single integrated world economy (that almost
  no country can resist joining)
• Great disparities between global North and South,
  increasing poverty in Africa and parts of Asia

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TWO WORLD WARS

• Global (hegemonic) wars
• Almost all major states participated
• Treaty of Versailles end of WWI 1919
• German rise after WWI
• Resentment of treatment post WWI
• Munich Agreement 1938 attempt to appease Hitler
• Emboldened him
• Holocaust Genocide systematic extermination of
  identity group
• Lessons of 2 wars seem contradictory
• WWI Hard line politics led to war
• WWII Appeasement and lack of hard-line approach
  led to war

Hitler signing Munich Agreement
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COLD WAR

• US and Soviet Union 1945-1990
• Ideological capitalist democracy vs. communism
• NATO and Warsaw Pact
• Germany split Berlin wall built in 1961
• Relatively stable framework
• United Nations functioned throughout CW
• Each believed other wanted world domination
• US policy of containment prevent spread of
  Soviet influence

Building theBerlin Wall
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

• USSR installing missiles in Cuba
• US had missiles in Turkey
• Came very close to war
• Kennedy created blockade
• Learned from failed Bay of Pigs invasion
• Groupthink vs. open discussion and
  encouragement of disagreement

Kennedy and Kruschev eyeball to eyeball
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American Culture and Propaganda Cold War

• Duck and Cover
• Method of personalprotection taught to school
  children 1940sinto 1980s
• When you see the flash stop, hide under desk
  and cover your head

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Conflict Avoidance Through Proxy Wars and Foreign
Policy

• Wars in other parts of the world where US-Soviet
  conflict played out
• Supplies, advice and training given to one side
  or the other (sometimes direct military action)
• Examples Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Angola
• Foreign policy e.g.
• strategic parity (neither side could prevent own
  destruction if a war)
• MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction)

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POST COLD WAR

• Energy issues (Gulf War)
• Fundamentalism in response to Westernization/Amer
  icanization
• New enemies, no borders, no governments
  terrorism (Iraq war)
• Information revolution digital divide
• Post-colonial violence (Africa, Bosnia)
• Rise of China
• Rising nuclear rogue states - North Korea, Iran
• Economic globalization growing gap between rich
  and poor