Badania ultradzwiekowe wieloglowicowe elementw konstrukcji

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Badania ultradzwiekowe wieloglowicowe elementów
konstrukcji

• Boleslaw AUGUSTYNIAK

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Plan

• Historia
• Zasada dzialania
• Przyklady zastosowan

http//www.olympusndt.com/en/tomoview/
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Historia ukladów wieloglowicowych
In 1971, just as the CRC Automatic Welding System
was beginning to show promise, Vetco Offshore
Inspection saw the CRC system in Houston, Texas
and sent a welding bug and band along with some
sample welds to their Canadian office. There, a
young engineer named Tony Richardson designed the
first UT inspection system for the CRC welding
process
Tony Richardson with the first multiprobe scanner
mounted on a CRC welding band
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Historia ukladów wieloglowicowych...
Since 1959, RTD b.v. in the Netherlands have
been working on options for the pipeline
industry. An example of one of the early efforts
made by RTD is shown on left. This early version
of the Rotoscan shows a split ring support on
which the probe holder moves. A single probe was
used with a single channel ultrasonic instrument.
Three separate UT instruments were used for each
of the three probes two probes set opposite
each other to detect longitudinalflaws and a
third probe to detect transverse defects.
RTD three-probe Rotoscan (single-channel unit
shown, around 1959)
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Historia ukladów wieloglowicowych ...
In the early 1990s SGS Gottfeld in Germany had
designed its MIPA system
The monitor display consisted of a series of
bands for each channel with amplitude represented
as a colour (a single line C-scan).
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Historia ukladów wieloglowicowych ...
In 1996 WeldSonix introduced their system. This
system came up with a smaller scanning head and
full waveform data collection for allchannels but
also used the industry-accepted strip chart
format.
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Historia ukladów wieloglowicowych ...
In 1997 R/D Tech decided to conform to the data
presentation initiated by RTD nearly 20 years
earlier and developed a newer version of both
hardware and software based on their Tomoscan
technology. In 1998/99 R/D Tech used this display
(see Figure 1-12) for the data collected by the
new phased array system they had developed.
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Zasada dzialania glowic mozaikowych
The main feature of phased array ultrasonic
technology is the computercontrolled excitation
(amplitude and delay) of individual elements in a
multielement probe. The excitation of
piezocomposite elements can generate an
ultrasonic focused beam with the possibility of
modifying the beam parameters such as angle,
focal distance, and focal spot size through
software. The sweeping beam is focused and can
detect in specular mode the misoriented cracks.
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Zasada dzialania glowic mozaikowych
During transmission, the acquisition instrument
sends a trigger signal to the phased array
instrument. The latter converts the signal into a
highvoltage pulse with a prepro-grammed width and
time delay defined in the focal laws. Each
element receives one pulse only. This creates a
beam with a specific angle and focused at a
specific depth. The beam hits the defect and
bounces back.. The signals are received, then
time-shifted according to the receiving focal
law. They are then reunited together to form a
single ultrasonic pulse that is sent to the
acquisition instrument.
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Ogniskowanie wiazki i zmiana kata padania
Basic beam focusing principle for (a) normal and
(b) angled incidences. There are three major
computer-controlled beam scanning patterns
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1. Electronic scanning
Electronic scanning the same focal law and delay
is multiplexed across a group of active elements
scanning is performed at a constant angle and
along the phased array probe length (aperture).
This is equivalent to a conventional ultrasonic
transducer performing a raster scan for corrosion
mapping or shear wave inspection. If an angled
wedge is used, the focal laws compensate for
different time delays inside the wedge.
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2. Dynamic depth focusing
Dynamic depth focusing, or DDF (along the beam
axis) scanning is performed with different focal
depths. In practice, a single transmitted on
reception for all programmed depths .
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3. Sectorial scanning
Sectorial scanning (also called azimuthal or
angular scanning) the beam is moved through a
sweep range for a specific focal depth, using the
same elements other sweep ranges with different
focal depths may be added. The angular sectors
may have different values..
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Delay Laws, or Focal Laws -
Example of delay values on individual elements
for steering the beam of a longitudinal wave from
.30 to 30.
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Zmiana kata
Different types of focusing will generate
different S-scan views (a) projection S-scan is
very useful for narrow-gap weld inspection (b)
true depth is useful for detection and sizing
defects at a constant depth (for example, inner
wall fatigue cracks) (c) half-path S-scan is the
most commonly used S-scan (d) focal plane S-scan
is useful for detection of lack of fusion along
the weld geometric preparation.
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Delay Laws, or Focal Laws - 1
Phased array probes installed on the wedge
provide delay laws with different shapes, based
on Fermats principle of minimum arrival time
along a specific path
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Delay Laws, or Focal Laws - 2
If the beam deflection is sectorial (azimuthal),
and the probe has no wedge, the delay on
identical elements will depend on the element
position in the active aperture and on the
generated angle
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Glowice mozaikowe w dzialaniu 1
7.5MHz 60 element probe. Images show incremental
increase of number of elements from 5 to 25
elements each starting at element number 5 in the
array. Each image is taken at
15mm from the glass surface
7.5MHz 60 element probe. Images show incremental
increase of number of elements from 5 to 25
elements each starting at element number 5 in the
array.
http//www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2004/html/htmltxt/
127_ginzel.htm
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Glowice mozaikowe w dzialaniu 2
10MHz 32 element probe. Images show a beam both
focused and angled. On the left the beam is
focused at 25mm sound path and angled at 45 for
the shear mode while on the right the beam is
focused at 25mm and angled at 45 in shear
mode.
http//www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2004/html/htmltxt/
127_ginzel.htm
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Uklad blokowy defektoskopu mozaikowego
Basic components of a phased array system and
their interconnectivity.
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Prezentacja typu S-scan
Detection of four side-drilled holes (SDH) (a)
sectorial scanning principle (b)
S-scan view using 30.
Typically, phased arrays use multiple stacked
A-scans (also called B-scans) with different
angles, time of flight and time delays on each
small piezocomposite crystal (element) of the
phased array probe. The real-time information
from the total number of A-scans, which are fired
for a specific probe position, are displayed in a
sectorial scan or S-scan, or in a electronic
B-scan
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Metoda kombinowana
Advanced imaging of artificial defects using
merged data defects and scanning pattern (top)
merged B-scan display (bottom).
Advanced imaging can be achieved by a combination
of linear and sectorial scanning with
multiple-angle scans during probe movement.
S-scan displays in combination with other views
lead to a form of defect imaging or recognition.
Figure illustrates the detection of artificial
defects and the comparison between the defect
dimensions (including shape) and B-scan data.
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Polaczenie fal podluznych i poprzecznych
Detection and sizing of misoriented defects by a
combination of longitudinal wave (1) and shear
wave sectorial scans (2).
A combination of longitudinal wave and shear wave
scans can be very useful for detection and sizing
with little probe movement In this setup, the
active aperture can be moved to optimize the
detection and sizing angles..
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Wiazki zogniskowane cylindrical focused beam
Discrimination (resolution) of cluster holes

(a) top view (C-scan) (b) side view
(B-scan).
Cylindrical, elliptical or spherical focused
beams have a better signal-to-noise ratio
(discrimination capability) and a narrower beam
spread than divergent beams. Figure illustrates
the discrimination of cluster holes by a
cylindrical focused beam...
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Dalsze usprawnienia ruch sondy i detekcja w
czasie rzeczywistym
Multiple scan patterns and merged data to show
potential imaging techniques for defects.
Real-time scanning can be combined with probe
movement, and the data merged into a single view
This feature offers the following benefits
High redundancy, Defect
location Accurate plotting Defect imaging
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Dalsze usprawnienia ruch sondy i detekcja w
czasie rzeczywistym 2
Multiple scan patterns and merged data to show
potential imaging techniques for defects.
Figure shows sectorial plans in the volume. Each
slice presents a section of the defect at a
different position. Such slices compare to
metallographic multiple slices during defect
sizing and characterization.
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Obrazy cd 1
Multiangle inspection of a calibration block with
stacked side-drilled holes. Left inspection
setup right ultrasound displaysectorial scan.
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Obrazy cd 2
Example of UT range selection and sweep range for
a crack detection and sizing with skip angles.

Top principle and
UT range setting
bottom
OmniScan results for a fatigue crack of 8 mm
height
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Obrazy cd 3
Example of UT sweep range for a crack detection
by two angles at difference gt10 o Left
detection with 38.5 right detection with 60.
Remark
the crack facets, detected also by skip, at 60.
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Obrazy cd 4
Example of UT data plotting (VC S-scan) of a
crack into an isometric view of a turbine
component.
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Aparaty z glowicami mozaikowymi 1
The new model in the OmniScan product line
provides the advantage of phased array imaging
for manual testing, while keeping all the
benefits of a proven product
http//www.olympusndt.com/en/phasedarray/omniscanm
/
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Aparaty z glowicami mozaikowymi 2
The OmniScan MX is fully upgradable to any other
model of the OmniScan series, allowing you to
migrate to encoded inspection, data archiving,
and automated UT inspection as your needs grow.
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Olimpus
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Aparat OmniScan MX PA 1
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Aparat OmniScan MX PA 2
The OmniScan MX is fully upgradable to any other
model of the OmniScan series, allowing you to
migrate to encoded inspection, data archiving,
and automated UT inspection as your needs grow.
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Aparat OmniScan MX PA 3
OmniScan MX PA
OmniScan MX PA
OmniScan MX PA
OmniScan PA builds upon the OmniScan UT feature
set and offers full-featured A-, B-, and C-scan
displays .
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(No Transcript)
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Aparat TomoScan FOCUS LT
Full-featured PC-based software for data
acquisition and analysis (TomoView ) Multiple
channels or hased array probe configuration
Combined phased array and conventional UT
configuration (TOFD P/E) File size of up to 1
GB Fast 100Base-T data transfer (4 MB/s)
Configuration of up to 64128 PRF up to 20 kHz
Real-time data compression
and signal averaging Interface to external
motor controller and scanners.
OmniScan MX PA
OmniScan MX PA
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Wykorzystanie glowic mozaikowych
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Special Phased Array Applications forPipeline
Girth Weld Inspections
Schematic showing zones on a CRC-Evans weld
profile, and ultrasonic beams from a phased array
probe.
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Special Phased Array Applications forPipeline
Girth Weld Inspections
Michael MOLES, Olympus NDT Canada, Toronto,
Canada Simon LABBÉ, Olympus NDT Canada, Québec
City, Canada
http//www.ndt.net/article/ecndt2006/topic39.htm
ECNDT 2006 - Fr.1.1.1
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Special Phased Array Applications forpipeline
Girth Weld Inspections
Small diameter scanner.
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Special Phased Array Applications forpipeline
Girth Weld Inspections
Software display showing defect location, length
and position.
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Standard ASTM strip chart display with additional
B-scan for interpretation.
Figure shows a scan with an additional B-scan
image in this instance, it clarifies what looks
like two defects as the same defect seen from
both sides.
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Special Phased Array Applications forpipeline
Girth Weld Inspections
Portable phased array instrument for tie-ins and
repairs, performing a linear scan on a weld.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Waheed A. ABBASI, Michael F. FAIR, SIEMENS Power
Generation, Pittsburgh, USA
ECNDT 2006 - Th.2.6.2 http//www.ndt.net/article/e
cndt2006/topics1.htm
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Focal law simulation on a blade attachment.
Focal law simulation on a disc bore.
Method musts include the modeling of the
inspection component geometry and Phased Arrays
to develop accurate control (focal) laws. In
addition, the methods must include means of
determining the behavior of the incident beam as
well as the behavior of the reflected beam.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Focal law simulation on a blade attachment.
Focal law simulation on a disc bore.
EDM notches were placed at the critical
inspection areas and verification of the phased
array focal laws for the particular style blade
attachment were documented, as illustrated in
Figure. The phased array focal laws, wedge
design, and wedge positioning were confirmed.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Figure shows a display from a curved side entry
blade attachment. The illustration on the left
shows a section of the scan with the geometry
from the blade attachment and an indication in
the bottom serration, while the illustration on
the right shows an overlay of the geometry and
indication on the blade attachment.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Phased Array sound can be directed over a large
area of the disc bore from a single position,
however, much of the coverage is not useful
detecting a crack. The model can determine the
most effective positions.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Two nuclear LP discs with artificial flaws were
manufactured to confirm the phased array
transducer design, wedge design and coverage one
of the discs is illustrated in Figure 10. The two
discs selected represent the most complex
conditions for ultrasonic examination found in
the Westinghouse disc design due to thickness
(long metal paths) and geometry.
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Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Turbine
Components
Figure shows a phased array scan (on left) and
the phased array model (on right) of a
Westinghouse LP disc. The phased array scan is
inspecting a region on the disc bore that would
require 6 conventional wedges as compared to one
wedge for the phased array scan..
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Conclussions

• Phased array ultrasonic methods have been
  developed for the inspection of various turbine
  components, specifically the blade attachments of
  turbine discs and the bores of turbine discs.
• These methods offer significant improvements over
  the conventional ultrasonic inspections and
  provide significant savings in time and cost.
• These methods are based on a sound development
  cycle where the inspection technique is
  developed, verified, and tested to prove its
  validity and worthiness for field use.
• It should be noted that for a reliable inspection
  it is imperative that the thorough development
  cycle of part geometry modeling (especially for
  complex geometries), optimum transducer design,
  accurate focal law calculation, and beam
  characterization be followed. Failing to follow
  this process can result in an inadequate
  inspection.