Articulations

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Articulations
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Function

• Holds bones together
• Allows bones to move
• All bones articulate except the hyoid

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Types

• Synarthroses
• Primarily axial skeleton
• Bones connected with fibrous tissue ligament
• Skull sutures and distal Tibia/Fibula

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Types

• Amphiarthroses
• Axial skeleton
• Connected by cartilage
• Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
• Slightly movable

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Types

• Diarthroses freely movable
• Also called synovial (fluid filled joint cavity)
• Primarily found in the limbs
• Plane or movement depends on the joint

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Diarthroses

• Non-axial bone surface is flat
• Plane or gliding joint
• Should be able to move in all directions, but
  bound by ligaments
• Intercarpals, intertarsals
• Femoropatellar
• Between vertebrae articulation processes

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Diarthroses

• Uniaxial movement in one plane
• Hinge
• Ulna and humerus
• Knee functional hinge
• Pivot
• Axis and atlas
• Proximal radioulnar

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• Biaxial Movement in two planes
• Condyloid oval articulation fits into
  complimentary cavity
• Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
  circumduction
• Atlas and skull, radiocarpal, knee structurally
• Saddle even more freedom than condyloid. Each
  surface is both convex and concave
• thumb

Diarthroses
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Diarthroses

• Multiaxial movement around three planes
• Hemispherical head and concave socket
• Ball and socket
• Shoulder
• Hip

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Synovial Joints - Structure

• 1. Articular cartilage hyaline
• 2. Joint Cavity space filled with fluid
• Fibrous Capsule fibrous CT
• External fibrous CT
• Internal synovial membrane
• 4. Reinforcing Ligament can be inside or
  outside the joint capsule
• Synovial Fluid viscous and lubricating
• Hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid from
  blood
• fluid becomes less viscous with exercise
• does most of the cushioning
• 6. Bursae fluid filled sacs not actually part
  of the joint
• 7. Tendons dense regular CT
• 8. Menisci cartilaginous discs

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Synovial Joint
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Disorders

• Inflammation
• Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Wear and tear
• Articular cartilage
• Bone spurs
• Restrict movement
• Crunching sounds

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Disorders

• Arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Chronic inflammation
• Flare-ups and remissions
• Autoimmune disease
• More later?

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Disorders

• Arthritis
• Gout
• Uric acid
• Cause unknown
• Bones fuse

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Disorders

• Sprains
• Cartilage injuries
• Dislocation
• Can you describe each of the above?
• Questions

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Movements

• extension (hyperextension)
• flexion (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion)
• abduction
• adduction
• circumduction
• rotation
• supination
• pronation
• inversion
• eversion
• protraction
• retraction
• opposition
• elevation
• depression