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Evolution of Nervous System

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Brain and spinal cord. What is the function of the spinal cord? ... Special neurotransmitters allow brain neurons to communicate with one another. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Evolution of Nervous System


1
Evolution of Nervous System
  • Ganglia are clusters of cell bodies that allow
    for coordination of NS
  • Evolution of NS begins with nerve net of hydra
    and becomes more organized

2
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3
Vertebrate Brain
  • What are the three regions of the vertebrate
    brain?
  • Hindbrain brainstem,involved in regulation
  • Midbrain - integration of sensory information
    from auditory and visual pathways
  • Forebrain thinking and homeostasis

4
Evolutionary Trends
  • What are the 3 evolutionary trends in vertebrate
    brain evolution?
  • Larger brain size
  • Increased specialization (addition of cerebellum,
    thalamus and hypothalamus)
  • Increased complexity of forebrain

5
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6
CNS
  • What does the CNS consist of?
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • What is the function of the spinal cord?
  • Integration and relay, as seen in the reflex arc
  • Special neurotransmitters allow brain neurons to
    communicate with one another.
  • Alzheimers and Parkinsons result when specific
    neurotransmitters are lost or changed.

7
The Brain
  • Hindbrain automatic activities
  • Medulla oblongata
  • automatic reflex, coughing sneezing, vomiting,
    swallowing
  • heart rate,
  • breathing rate,
  • blood vessel contractions,
  • Cerebellum movement and balance
  • Hand-eye coordination uses cerebellar function

8
  • Midbrain
  • integration of sensory information from auditory
    and visual pathways

9
  • Forebrain
  • Thalamus sensory input and motor output center,
    integration to other brain centers
  • Hypothalamus homeostatic regulation
    thermostat, hormonal regulation of anterior
    pituitary and production of posterior pituitary
    hormones.
  • Cerebrum.

10
Cerebrum most complex integration center thought
  • Divided into left and right hemisphere.
  • Right controls L. side of body and vice verse
  • Left side verbal analytical
  • Right side artistic

11
Reticular Activating System
  • Why is it that when you day dream in class you
    dont hear anything until I say your name?
  • Your brain filters information through the RAS
  • It extends from the medulla to the thalamus and
    filters information that reaches the cerebral
    cortex

12
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13
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14
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15
The Motor Neurons Interaction with Effectors
  • How a muscle contracts and allows you to move
    your skeleton!

16
Functional Organization of the Nervous System
17
Bones and Muscles
  • What is a ligament?
  • It joins bone to bone at the joints
  • What is a tendon?
  • Tendons join muscle to bone
  • What response does a muscle have to a stimulus?
  • Contraction

18
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19
Three Muscle Types
  • What are the 3 types of muscle?
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
  • How does skeletal muscle contract?

20
Skeletal muscles
21
Sliding filament theory
As the muscle contracts which parts are moving
and which are remaining in place?
22
Control of Muscle Contraction
Why isn't the muscle always contracting?
23
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24
T Tubule Contraction
What neuro-transmitter initiates the muscle
contraction?
25
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