Arthritis and Related Disorders Chapter 16

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Arthritis and Related DisordersChapter 16

• Heidi Carlton

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Introduction

• Today I will discuss the various forms of
  arthritis, the symptoms and effects, the causes,
  and how the disease is diagnosed.

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Arthritis

• Arthritis is derived from the Greek words arthron
  meaning joint and itis meaning inflammation.
• There are more than 100 types of arthritis.
• Some types of arthritis are caused from
  inflamation.
• Some types are caused from viruses, bacteria,
  injury, or sodium urate crystals.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis is caused from inflammation.
• The primary site of inflammation is the synovial
  membrane.
• Inflamed synovial tissue may fill the joint
  cavity and invade articular cartilage and bone.
• The inflamed synovial tissue may cause erosion of
  bone and cartilage.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Continued

• Eventually irreversible damage may occur such as
  total destruction of the joint with fusion of
  adjacent bony surfaces.
• In milder forms joints may withstand inflammation
  for months or years before irreversible damage
  occurs.
• For all types of arthritis early detection and
  treatment will produce the most favorable results.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms Causes

• Symptoms
• Stiffness, pain, redness, warmth, swelling over
  the joint. Loss of appetite, fever, lack of
  energy.
• Rheumatoid nodules, psoriasis of the skin nail
  bed, dry eye syndrome, scleritis.

• Causes
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
• For unknown reasons the immune system attacks the
  individuals own cells inside the joint.

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Diagnosis

• There is no specific test used to determine
  rheumatoid arthritis.
• Tests that help doctors diagnose the disease are
  erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood tests for
  RF, blood tests for anemia, and tests on
  synovial fluid from the joint.
• X-rays are helpful to watch for changes in bone
  and cartilage.

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Gout

• Gout is a form of acute arthritis caused by
  sodium urate crystals in the joint space.
• An attack may be triggered by stress,
  alcohol/drugs, or the presence of another
  illness.
• Without treatment the disease can cause permanent
  damage to the joints and sometimes to the
  kidneys.

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Gout Symptoms Causes

• Symptoms
• Swelling, redness, heat, pain, stiffness in
  joint area.
• Often occurs in the big toe.

• Causes
• Kidneys fail to excrete uric acid properly.
• Over production of uric acid due to enzyme
  defects, psoriasis, or myelogenous leukemia.
• Risk factors are genetics, gender, age, obesity,
  eating foods rich in purines.

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Diagnosis

• A physician may draw synovial fluid from the
  joint to check for monosodium urate crystals.
• Their absence does not completely rule out the
  disease.
• Gout is difficult to diagnose.
• This is because hyperuricemia may not be present
  during an attack.
• The symptoms of gout mimics other diseases.

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Osteoarthritis

• Also known as degenerative joint disease.
• The most common type of arthritis.
• Characterized by localized noninflammatory
  deterioration of articular cartilage.

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Osteoarthritis Symptoms Causes

• Symptoms
• Swelling, stiffness, and pain.
• Joints ache after physical activity.
• Stiffness or pain in the neck or lower back which
  can result in numbness of the legs or arms.

• Causes
• Trauma to joints such as repetitive movements
  over a long time.
• Acute injury can lead to osteoarthritis years
  later.
• Age.
• Metabolic disorders that can cause cartilage
  deterioration.

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Common places osteoarthritis affects Lower
back, knees, hips, neck, thumbs, and ends of
fingers.
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Diagnosis

• No single test can diagnose osteoarthritis.
• The doctor will review the medical history, ask
  the patient to describe symptoms, conduct a
  physical exam, check reflexes, and check the
  patients ability to bend and walk.
• X-rays may show cartilage or bone damage.
• Fluid from the joint may be extracted to check
  for pieces of bone or cartilage.

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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

• There are many types of juvenile rheumatoid
  arthritis.
• Most types affect female children.
• Some children experience just one or two
  flare-ups and never have symptoms again, while
  others experience many remissions and flare-ups.
• Some children have continual symptoms.

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Symptoms of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Symptoms of the disease are fevers, rashes,
  fatigue, early morning stiffness that worsens
  over time, subcutaneous nodules, growth
  disturbances in bones, joint swelling, uveitis,
  and swollen lymph nodes.
• In less than half of all cases internal organs
  may be involved.

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Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Causes Diagnosis

• Causes
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune
  disorder.
• Doctors do not know what causes the immune system
  to go awry.

• Diagnosis
• No specific test to diagnose the disease.
• Tests used to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
  are also used to diagnose juvenile rheumatoid
  arthritis.

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Fibromyalgia

• A chronic disease that causes musculoskeletal
  pain, tender points, and fatigue.
• Occurs mostly in women of childbearing age.

• Symptoms of the disease are sleep disturbances,
  morning stiffness, irritable bowel syndrome, and
  anxiety.

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Fibromyalgia Causes Diagnosis

• Causes
• The cause is unknown.
• Several theories exist.
• Possibly triggered by a virus.
• Possibly caused by an injury/trauma that affects
  the CNS.

• Diagnosis
• Physicians diagnose the disease based on the
  patients medical history.
• There must be chronic widespread pain in 11 of 18
  tender point sites.
• Pain must be continual for at least 3 months.

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In Conclusion

• Arthritis is an inflammation of the joint area.
• Some types of arthritis not only affect the
  joints, but other parts of the body as well
  (systemic).
• Rheumatic disease refers to pain and stiffness of
  joints, muscles, or fibrous tissues.
• Some types of rheumatic disease do not affect the
  joints.

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Consumer Tips

• Early detection and treatment will produce the
  best results since the disease gets progressively
  worse over time.
• There is no cure for arthritis.
• Leave the diagnosis to the physician.
• The Arthritis Foundation is a generally reliable
  source of information.