Chapter Twelve

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Chapter Twelve

• Human Development

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Theories of Language Development

• 1. As children learn words, they learn rules
  for putting them together.
• 2. Cooing and Babbling are spontaneous .
• Institutionalized children take longer to talk
  then one raised by a family.
• 3. First words are concrete.
• Identifies words with situations and functions
• Ie. Table eat, Table- chair

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Theories contd

• Word order develops
• Open words they can be used alone
• Some examples??
• Baby, doll, dog, cat etc.
• Pivot words
• Cannot be used alone
• Ie. Green, my
• Word order is learned by parroting adult
  sentences.
• Grammatical Rules
• 2 ½ - 3 years old
• May say I digged a hole (apply rules for making
  nouns plural not realizing they are incorrect)

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Personality Development

• Newborn is completely helpless, and yet utterly
  selfish.
• Needs must be satisfied
• Egocentricity vs. complete dependency
• First conflict a child must resolve.
• Establish feelings about the world and image of
  themselves called personality.

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Parenting Styles

• Socialization shaped by cultural values.
• Distinct European-American parenting styles
• Authoritarian
• Permissive
• Authoritative
• Related to young childrens social and emotional
  development.

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Limitations of Parenting Studies

• Based on correlational evidence.
• How children perceive the discipline received may
  be what is influential.
• Correlations between parenting style and
  childrens behavior not terribly large.
• No universally best style of parenting.

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Relationship with Peers

• Relationships with other children start early.
• During school years, peer interaction becomes
  more complex and structured.
• Importance of friends

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Important Social Skills Learned

• Ability to engage in sustained, responsive
  interactions with peers.
• Ability to detect and correctly interpret other
  peoples emotional signals.
• Empathy and Sympathy
• Understanding how others feel
• Caring about how others feel
• Self-Regulation

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Freud Psychosexual Stages

• Instincts play a key role in human development.
• Sexual instincts are dominant
• Sexual gratification is derived from the
  pleasures obtained in satisfying such basic
  survival needs as
• Eating, defecating as well as acts that are
  sexual in nature

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How does Freud explain socialization and self
development?

• Through a process of psychosexual development
  with the following stages
• The Oral stage from birth to one
• Oral gratification (mouth) as the focus for
  pleasure seeking
• Sucking, biting, chewing
• Motivated to find objects to suck to satisfy oral
  need
• 2. The Anal stage from one to three
• Anal gratification as the focus for pleasure
  seeking.
• Derives satisfaction from the act of expelling or
  withholding feces.
• Parent/child conflict over toilet training
• Some with retain feces to point of constipation
• These children later in life are likely to be
  obstinate, stingy, overly precise, cruel and
  compulsively neat.

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• 3. Phallic stage four to seven
• Discovery of genitals
• Child finds satisfaction in exploring genital
  organs
• The Oedipus Complex
• Strong narcissism a need for continual
  recognition and appreciation of their unique
  qualities.
• 4. Latency stage from seven to puberty
• The child turns away from emotional development
  to pursue more social and intellectual
  development
• No parent/child conflicts to resolve - attracted
  to world around them
• 5. Genital stage from puberty on
• Adult sexuality and heterosexual desires become
  the focus for emotional development
• Parent/adolescent conflicts over friends,
  significant others and whom adolescents want to
  become as adults

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Freudian Stages
6 yrs to puberty
Birth to 1½ yrs
1½ to 3 yrs
Puberty onward
3 to 6 years
Phallic Stage Childs pleasure focuses on
genitals
Latency Stage Child represses sexual
interest and develops social and intellectual sk
ills
Anal Stage Childs pleasure focuses on
anus
Genital Stage A time of sexual reawakening
source of sexual pleasure becomes
someone outside of the family
Oral Stage Infants pleasure centers on
mouth
Figure 2.1
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Eric Erikson

• Eriksons Psychosocial Theory
• 8 stages of psychosocial development
• Social approval is important to development
• Each has a unique developmental task
• Developmental change occurs throughout life span
• Key points of psychoanalytic theories
• Early experiences and family relationships are
  very important to development
• Unconscious aspects of the mind are considered
• Personality is best seen as a developmental
  process
• Each stage builds on the last

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Eriksons Eight Life-Span Stages
Figure 2.2
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Child develops a belief that the environment can
be counted on to meet his or her basic
physiological and social needs.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Infancy
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns what he/she can control and develops
a sense of free will and corresponding sense of
regret and sorrow for inappropriate use of
self-control.
Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt
Toddlerhood
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns to begin action, to explore, to
imagine as well as feeling remorse for actions.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Early Childhood
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Child learns to do things well or correctly in
comparison to a standard or to others
Industry vs. Inferiority
Middle Childhood
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Eriksons Eight Stages

• Develops a sense of self in relationship to
  others and to own internal thoughts and desires
• social identity
• personal identity

Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops ability to give and receive love begins
to make long-term commitment to relationships
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young Adulthood
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops interest in guiding the development of
the next generation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Middle Adulthood
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Eriksons Eight Stages
Develops a sense of acceptance of life as it was
lived and the importance of the people and
relationships that individual developed over the
lifespan
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
Later Adulthood