Title: Revolutions CH'192122
1RevolutionsCH.19/21/22
2The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment
3New Ways to Think About Old Things
- A look back at the Renaissance What was the
Renaissance again? What was the purpose?
Humanism? - The Scientific Revolution, as well as the
Enlightenment, were inspired by the Renaissance.
- Questioned the Old Ideas by finding proof or
using human reason to challenge prior ideas - The Scientific Method- Experimentation and
Observation became critical components in proving
X
4Rene Descartes Francis Bacon
- All they did was
- Help in developing the scientific method.
- Descartes emphasized the power of human reason
with the idea that new knowledge should be made
to fit existing traditional ideas. - I think therefore I am. Descartes
- Bacon stressed the experimentation and
observation tasks.
5The Old View
- Geocentric theory- The Earth was the center of
the universe and everything revolved around
IT. - Aristotle and others taught the geocentric
theory. - The church taught that God put Earth at the
center of the universe - You will begin to see why, some of the scientific
pioneers during this era, werent looked upon too
fondly
6Copernicus
- All he did was
- Challenge the belief that the Earth was at the
center of the universe. - Using math, he theorized that the universe was
heliocentric- meaning centered around the sun. - He also believed that planets revolved around the
sun rather than opposite. - Why do you believe that most people thought he
was incorrect?
7Galileo
- All he did was
- Provide further evidence to support Copernicus
theory - How?
- Observing the skies with the telescope (in which
he constructed) - Many disapproved of Galileos findings, even
threatening him with death. - To receive more of a lenient service, (to avoid
death) Galileo recanted and was placed under
house arrest where he spent the rest of his life
8The Story of Galileo
- Many people considered the sentencing of Galileo
in 1633 to life imprisonment a great tragedy.
Efforts to clear his name continued for centuries
after his death. But as late as 1822, the
Vatican still banned Galileos Dialogue
Concerning Two Chief World Systems. The church
gradually changed its views toward Galileo. A
church commission reopened his case in 1983. In
1992 Pope John Paul II declared that the church
had wrongfully condemned Galileo.
9Newton
- All he did was
- Build upon the knowledge of the previous two guys
- Use math to prove the existence of force that
keeps planets in their orbit - What is this force?
- Correct, what Luke Skywalker uses ?
- How about Gravity!
- This force also makes objects fall toward Earth.
- Eventually, Newton will establish laws depicting
his theories
10Newton-Nuggets (patent-pending ?)
- Newton is the first to be credited with the
development of the mathematical concept of
calculus. - However, in Germany, a man by the name Gottfried
von Leibniz did the same thing at presumably the
same time. - Both accused each other of plagiarism.
- It has been a long debate, but most historians
believe they may have developed it at the same
time, in different locations. - Gives new meaning to the right place at the
right time
11Discoveries in
Nugget To pass a scuba diving certification
test, divers must answer questions about how
Boyles law relates to safely ascending and
descending underwater.
- Biology
- Began identifying the human anatomy (Vesalius)
- Development of magnifying lens
- Descriptions of bacteria, blood, yeast, etc
- Development of the term Cell (Hooke)
- Chemistry
- Robert Boyle- The Father of Modern Chemistry
(1661) - Described matter as a cluster of tiny particles
- His most significant Boyles Law
- Describes how temperature, volume, and pressure
affect gases.
12Causes and Effects of the Scientific Revolution
- Exploration and expansion of trade
- Continuing study of ancient authorities
- Development of the scientific method
- Beginnings of modern science
- Belief in progress and the power of reason
- New view of the universe as a well-ordered system
13The Enlightenment
- The Age of Reason
- Period in the 1700s
- People rejected traditional ideas and supported
belief in new innovative ways - A belief that logical thought can lead to truth-
Rationalism - The Enlightenment introduced new ways of viewing
authority, power, government, and law.
14New Views on Government
15Thomas Hobbes
- In his book, Leviathan, he wrote
- People are greedy and selfish.
- Only a powerful government can create a peaceful,
orderly society. - Strong believer in the government ideology,
absolutism. - A government that rulers have complete authority
over the government and the lives of people in
their nations
Social Contract Through consent, people in the
society agree to give up some freedoms to
government leaders in exchange for peace, safety,
and order
16John Locke
- In his book, Two Treatises on Government, he
wrote - All people were born equal with the natural
rights Life, Liberty, and Property - Believed that people were naturally happy,
tolerant, and reasonable. - If the government does not protect these rights,
people have the right to overthrow it
17Baron de Montesquieu
- Powers of government should be separated into
three branches Legislative, Executive, and
Judicial. - These separations of power would prevent tyranny
by creating a system of checks and balances
18Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- In his book, The Social Contract, he wrote
- People are naturally good but are corrupted by
the evils of society - (unequal distribution of land)
- For a government to work, people must choose to
give up their own interests for the common good. - Believed in in the will of the majority which he
called the General Will - The majority then would always work for the
common good for all.
19Voltaire
- Name Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire
- Voltaire attacked injustice wherever he saw it.
- He used sharp wit and satire to criticize the
French government and the Catholic Church. - His tongue often created enemies and also landed
him in prison on several occassions. - His major complaints Both failed to permit
religious and intellectual freedom
"I may not agree with what you say, but I will
defend to the death your right to say it."
20The Whos Who Chart
- Thomas Hobbes
- People are greedy and selfish
- Only a powerful government can create a peaceful,
orderly society
- Baron de Montesquieu
- The powers of government should be separated into
three branches - Each branch will keep the other branches from
becoming too powerful.
- John Locke
- People have natural rights.
- It is the duty of the government to protect these
rights. - If the government fails to protect, then the
people have the right to overthrow it.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- In a perfect society, people both make and obey
the laws. - What is good for everyone is more important than
what is good for one person
- Voltaire
- Strong believer in Free Speech
- Strong believer in religious toleration
Which do you agree with? Do you agree with
any? All of them?
21More AccomplishmentsOf the Enlightenment Period
22Diderot
- Creator of the Encyclopedia
- 35 volume work that explained new ideas about
art, science, government, and religion. - Its purpose was to promote knowledge
- How long did it take Diderot to complete?
- 27 years!
- The French government will try to stop
publication, but the encyclopedia was too popular
among the people - And to think that some of you dont want to go
near one of those books ?
23Mary Wollstonecraft
- In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of
Woman, she wrote - About demanding equal rights for women,
especially in education. - Her main argument, If men and women had equal
education, they would be equal in society. - Although Enlightenment thinkers questioned
established beliefs, most left gender equality
alone. - Wollstonecrafts views were extremely radical for
the time (1792)
24Adam Smith
- In his book, The Wealth of Nations, he wrote
about his analysis of - Economic systems
- Smith argued the following
- 1) Business activities should take place in a
free market - 2) The government should not interfere with
economics. - Anyone familiar with this term from 8th grade?
- Laissez-Faire to leave alone
- Smiths main argument- the economy would be
stronger if the market forces of supply and
demand were allowed to work freely
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26Revolutions
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28The American Revolution
- The Constitution
- Americas Social Contract
- Separation of Powers
- Bill of Rights
- Influence of
- the Enlightenment
- Common Sense, by Thomas Paine
- Colonists should not be subjects of a distant
monarch - The Declaration of Independence
- Governments rule only with the consent of the
governed and that they should protect (What did
Locke say again?) - The Declaration also stated the people have a
right to throw off governments that are unjust
- Opposing British Policies
- Trouble erupted when Britain began to
impose laws on the colonies without
representation - The Stamp Act infuriated the colonists
- Though the Stamp Act will be repealed by the
British in 1766, other incidents will follow - Boston Massacre
- The Boston Tea Party
- Influence of British Traditions
- Magna Carta and Parliament
- Limited the Monarchs Power
- No taxation without
- English Bill of Rights
- Hey, if they have that why cant we?
- Key American Enlightenment Leaders
- Ben Franklin
- Thomas Jefferson
- John Adams
29The French Revolution
30 The Storming of the Bastille
Key Points
- Estates General (The Three Estates)
- The Bourgeoisie (People)
- The San Culottes
- Storming of the Bastille
- The Enlightenment influence
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
- Why was there a financial crisis?
- The Great Fear
- The Guillotine
- What happened to Louis XVI?
- How did the new way differ from the old way?
- The Committee of Public Safety
- Maximilien Robespierre
- The Reign of Terror
- What happened and why did it happen?
- What happened to Robespierre?
- What do you feel about the revolution?
- Did it accomplish what it set out to do?
- What are the effects?
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32Napoleons Reign1799-1821
- Fate - Destiny?
- A young Napoleon catches a break.
- Leads coup d etat of the Directory
- Organizes new government and is declared Emperor
of the French. - People support Napoleon because they wanted
stability
Notice the difference in pictures?
33Napoleons Reign cont
- Achievements
- Helped the French Economy immensely
- Education
- Established a government-supervised public school
system - Napoleonic Code
- A legal code that made laws uniform across the
nation and eliminated many injustices. - However Freedom of many individual liberties
were censored, code only applied to males,
husbands had authority over wives - Some historians refer to this period as the Age
of Napoleon
- The Napoleonic Wars
- The only nations that managed to remain free from
Napoleon were - Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman
Empire, and Russia - In many of the nations he conquered, he put his
relatives in power.
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35To Meet Ones Waterloo
- Napoleons Fall
- The Russian Campaign will be the biggest reason
for the downfall - The Campaign to Moscow
- The Russian Winter and the forced retreat
- The 1st banishment to Elba
- The Hundred Days (His return)
- The Battle of Waterloo
- Overwhelming odds against the British and
Prussian allies - The 2nd Banishment to St. Helena (remote volcanic
S. Atlantic Island) - Served 6 years and died by the age of 51
- Some believe he may have been murdered
Between a battle lost and a battle won, the
distance is immense and there stand empires
36This is the tomb of Napoléon Bonaparte, under the
Dôme des Invalides. Napoléon is in the big red
sarcophagus it is big because it contains six
other coffins, one inside the other. The standard
joke is that this was done to keep Napoléon from
getting back out.
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39Latin American Revolution
40Latin American Revs
- Toussaint L Ouverture
- Self educated slave he leads a revolt against the
French - Haitian slaves win independence (1798)
The Liberator
- Simon Bolivar
- Led resistance movements against the Spanish
(1810) - Successful campaigns won independence for several
Latin American countries. - Known as The Liberator
- Despite success, the revolution failed to create
a united Latin American state (Like U.S.)
41Revolutions
- Economics, Technology, and Social
42Agrarian Revolution To Industrial Revolution
- Usage of animal fertilizers
- Ways to improve food production
- Seed drilling
- These lead to
- Population Explosion
- People eat better
- Women give birth to healthier babies
- Better medical care
- Leads to longer life span
- More people leads to more demand for goods
- More demand means people needed to produce the
goods faster - Thus we have the industrial revolution
43Industrial Revolution
44Industrial Revolution
- Revolution?
- A change from the current way of doing something
to a completely new system - Industry?
- Mass production and sale of goods.
- Industrial Revolution?
- The means of production shifted from standard
hand tools and human and animal power to complex
machines and steam power - When? Where? Why?
- When 1750
- Where Britain
- Why Agrarian Revolution
45- Agrarian Revolution
- More people living longer demanded more food
which bettered techniques - Could feed more people at lower prices with less
labor
- More People Means
- More clothing needed
- More Labor
- Changes in Textile Production
- Cottage Industry
- Couldnt keep up with growing demand
- A New Method Needed
- Textile Production
- Inventions -
- Flying Shuttle made weaving faster Created
Shortages of yarn - Spinning jenny allowed faster yarn production
Weaving now slower than yarn production - New loom powered by water caught up to yarn
production - Textile mills had to be set up along rivers
- More efficient to bring labor to a factory on a
river - New towns located around factories
CONNECTION!
- In 1840, where do you think the main source of
cotton imported to Britain was from? - United States
- How was it being produced?
- -Plantations with slave labor
- To be continued
- Impact
- 1760 Imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton
- 1787 22 million pounds of cotton
- 1840 366 million pounds of cotton
- Economic Lowers the cost of clothing
- Steam Engine
- Rotary engine that could turn machinery
- More powerful
- No location limitations
46Other Industries
- Steam Engine powered by coal
- Increase in Coal Mining
- New processes using coal aids Iron Industry
- Henry Cort Puddling
- Coal Product burned away impurities in Iron
- Stronger and more durable
- Iron Industry Boom
- 1740 17,000 Tons of Iron
- 1852 3 million tons (more than the rest of the
world combined) - New iron used to build new industries and
equipment - Steamboats
- Railroads
- Transported Coal and Iron
- Increased production in those industries
- Building railroads created new jobs
- Transport of people from country to cities built
around factories - Less Expensive transportation lower priced
goods - Less expensive goods more people can buy them
- More sales more factories and machinery
47Effects of The Industrial Revolution
CONNECTION!
- Expansion
- First around Europe
- U.S. in 1800s
- 1800 6 out of 7 were farmers
- 1860 50 were farmers
- Prominent in the North
- Urbanization
- Movement from the country (rural) to cities
(urban) - Transportation
- Jobs
- Higher Standard of Living
- Factories had many workers
- Constant source of income
- Lower Prices More Money More purchasing
- Factory workers constituted the new Middle Class
- Why would the Southern states not embrace the
industrial revolution? - Cotton Sales were running economy
- Civil War Differences
- -North had a huge advantage in supplies and
railroads
48Social Changes
- New Social Roles
- Children
- Had worked on farm, worked in factories
- Worse working conditions
- Sat in one chair for up to 12 hours
- Those that disobeyed rules were often beaten
- Women
- 80 of textile industry workers
- Family
- Worked together in cottage industry
- Continued to do so in factories
- Who Cares?!
- Global Economy
49- What is it? The means of production of goods
shifted from standard hand tools to complex
machines and from human and animal power to steam
power. - Steam Engines powered by?
- When did it begin in the world?
- It began around 1750 in Britain, but would spread
throughout Europe. - When did it reach the U.S.? By the end of the
19th century. - Causes of the I.R.
- Agrarian Revolution (2 slides ago) leads to a
need to produce goods faster - Geography (Globalization)
- Effects of the I.R.
- Factory system leads to mass production.
- Growing middle class
- Urbanization
- Working conditions Child labor
- Changing social roles
- Rising standards of living improved
transportation - Global Impact of the I.R.
- Why does it matter today? Movement towards a
global economy