Revolutions CH.192122

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RevolutionsCH.19/21/22
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The Scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment
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New Ways to Think About Old Things

• A look back at the Renaissance What was the
  Renaissance again? What was the purpose?
  Humanism?
• The Scientific Revolution, as well as the
  Enlightenment, were inspired by the Renaissance.
  
• Questioned the Old Ideas by finding proof or
  using human reason to challenge prior ideas
• The Scientific Method- Experimentation and
  Observation became critical components in proving
  X

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Rene Descartes Francis Bacon

• All they did was
• Help in developing the scientific method.
• Descartes emphasized the power of human reason
  with the idea that new knowledge should be made
  to fit existing traditional ideas.
• I think therefore I am. Descartes
• Bacon stressed the experimentation and
  observation tasks.

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The Old View

• Geocentric theory- The Earth was the center of
  the universe and everything revolved around
  IT.
• Aristotle and others taught the geocentric
  theory.
• The church taught that God put Earth at the
  center of the universe
• You will begin to see why, some of the scientific
  pioneers during this era, werent looked upon too
  fondly

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Copernicus

• All he did was
• Challenge the belief that the Earth was at the
  center of the universe.
• Using math, he theorized that the universe was
  heliocentric- meaning centered around the sun.
• He also believed that planets revolved around the
  sun rather than opposite.
• Why do you believe that most people thought he
  was incorrect?

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Galileo

• All he did was
• Provide further evidence to support Copernicus
  theory
• How?
• Observing the skies with the telescope (in which
  he constructed)
• Many disapproved of Galileos findings, even
  threatening him with death.
• To receive more of a lenient service, (to avoid
  death) Galileo recanted and was placed under
  house arrest where he spent the rest of his life

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The Story of Galileo

• Many people considered the sentencing of Galileo
  in 1633 to life imprisonment a great tragedy.
  Efforts to clear his name continued for centuries
  after his death. But as late as 1822, the
  Vatican still banned Galileos Dialogue
  Concerning Two Chief World Systems. The church
  gradually changed its views toward Galileo. A
  church commission reopened his case in 1983. In
  1992 Pope John Paul II declared that the church
  had wrongfully condemned Galileo.

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Newton

• All he did was
• Build upon the knowledge of the previous two guys
• Use math to prove the existence of force that
  keeps planets in their orbit
• What is this force?
• Correct, what Luke Skywalker uses ?
• How about Gravity!
• This force also makes objects fall toward Earth.
• Eventually, Newton will establish laws depicting
  his theories

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Newton-Nuggets (patent-pending ?)

• Newton is the first to be credited with the
  development of the mathematical concept of
  calculus.
• However, in Germany, a man by the name Gottfried
  von Leibniz did the same thing at presumably the
  same time.
• Both accused each other of plagiarism.
• It has been a long debate, but most historians
  believe they may have developed it at the same
  time, in different locations.
• Gives new meaning to the right place at the
  right time

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Discoveries in
Nugget To pass a scuba diving certification
test, divers must answer questions about how
Boyles law relates to safely ascending and
descending underwater.

• Biology
• Began identifying the human anatomy (Vesalius)
• Development of magnifying lens
• Descriptions of bacteria, blood, yeast, etc
• Development of the term Cell (Hooke)

• Chemistry
• Robert Boyle- The Father of Modern Chemistry
  (1661)
• Described matter as a cluster of tiny particles
• His most significant Boyles Law
• Describes how temperature, volume, and pressure
  affect gases.

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Causes and Effects of the Scientific Revolution

• Exploration and expansion of trade
• Continuing study of ancient authorities
• Development of the scientific method

• Beginnings of modern science
• Belief in progress and the power of reason
• New view of the universe as a well-ordered system

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The Enlightenment

• The Age of Reason
• Period in the 1700s
• People rejected traditional ideas and supported
  belief in new innovative ways
• A belief that logical thought can lead to truth-
  Rationalism
• The Enlightenment introduced new ways of viewing
  authority, power, government, and law.

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New Views on Government
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Thomas Hobbes

• In his book, Leviathan, he wrote
• People are greedy and selfish.
• Only a powerful government can create a peaceful,
  orderly society.
• Strong believer in the government ideology,
  absolutism.
• A government that rulers have complete authority
  over the government and the lives of people in
  their nations

Social Contract Through consent, people in the
society agree to give up some freedoms to
government leaders in exchange for peace, safety,
and order
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John Locke

• In his book, Two Treatises on Government, he
  wrote
• All people were born equal with the natural
  rights Life, Liberty, and Property
• Believed that people were naturally happy,
  tolerant, and reasonable.
• If the government does not protect these rights,
  people have the right to overthrow it

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Baron de Montesquieu

• Powers of government should be separated into
  three branches Legislative, Executive, and
  Judicial.
• These separations of power would prevent tyranny
  by creating a system of checks and balances

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• In his book, The Social Contract, he wrote
• People are naturally good but are corrupted by
  the evils of society
• (unequal distribution of land)
• For a government to work, people must choose to
  give up their own interests for the common good.
• Believed in in the will of the majority which he
  called the General Will
• The majority then would always work for the
  common good for all.

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Voltaire

• Name Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire
• Voltaire attacked injustice wherever he saw it.
• He used sharp wit and satire to criticize the
  French government and the Catholic Church.
• His tongue often created enemies and also landed
  him in prison on several occassions.
• His major complaints Both failed to permit
  religious and intellectual freedom

"I may not agree with what you say, but I will
defend to the death your right to say it."
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The Whos Who Chart

• Thomas Hobbes
• People are greedy and selfish
• Only a powerful government can create a peaceful,
  orderly society

• Baron de Montesquieu
• The powers of government should be separated into
  three branches
• Each branch will keep the other branches from
  becoming too powerful.

• John Locke
• People have natural rights.
• It is the duty of the government to protect these
  rights.
• If the government fails to protect, then the
  people have the right to overthrow it.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• In a perfect society, people both make and obey
  the laws.
• What is good for everyone is more important than
  what is good for one person

• Voltaire
• Strong believer in Free Speech
• Strong believer in religious toleration

Which do you agree with? Do you agree with
any? All of them?
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More AccomplishmentsOf the Enlightenment Period
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Diderot

• Creator of the Encyclopedia
• 35 volume work that explained new ideas about
  art, science, government, and religion.
• Its purpose was to promote knowledge
• How long did it take Diderot to complete?
• 27 years!
• The French government will try to stop
  publication, but the encyclopedia was too popular
  among the people
• And to think that some of you dont want to go
  near one of those books ?

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Mary Wollstonecraft

• In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of
  Woman, she wrote
• About demanding equal rights for women,
  especially in education.
• Her main argument, If men and women had equal
  education, they would be equal in society.
• Although Enlightenment thinkers questioned
  established beliefs, most left gender equality
  alone.
• Wollstonecrafts views were extremely radical for
  the time (1792)

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Adam Smith

• In his book, The Wealth of Nations, he wrote
  about his analysis of
• Economic systems
• Smith argued the following
• 1) Business activities should take place in a
  free market
• 2) The government should not interfere with
  economics.
• Anyone familiar with this term from 8th grade?
• Laissez-Faire to leave alone
• Smiths main argument- the economy would be
  stronger if the market forces of supply and
  demand were allowed to work freely

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Revolutions

• Politics and War

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The American Revolution

• The Constitution
• Americas Social Contract
• Separation of Powers
• Bill of Rights

• Influence of
• the Enlightenment
• Common Sense, by Thomas Paine
• Colonists should not be subjects of a distant
  monarch
• The Declaration of Independence
• Governments rule only with the consent of the
  governed and that they should protect (What did
  Locke say again?)
• The Declaration also stated the people have a
  right to throw off governments that are unjust

• Opposing British Policies
• Trouble erupted when Britain began to
  impose laws on the colonies without
  representation
• The Stamp Act infuriated the colonists
• Though the Stamp Act will be repealed by the
  British in 1766, other incidents will follow
• Boston Massacre
• The Boston Tea Party

• Influence of British Traditions
• Magna Carta and Parliament
• Limited the Monarchs Power
• No taxation without
• English Bill of Rights
• Hey, if they have that why cant we?

• Key American Enlightenment Leaders
• Ben Franklin
• Thomas Jefferson
• John Adams

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The French Revolution
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The Storming of the Bastille
Key Points

• Estates General (The Three Estates)
• The Bourgeoisie (People)
• The San Culottes
• Storming of the Bastille
• The Enlightenment influence
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Why was there a financial crisis?
• The Great Fear
• The Guillotine
• What happened to Louis XVI?

• How did the new way differ from the old way?
• The Committee of Public Safety
• Maximilien Robespierre
• The Reign of Terror
• What happened and why did it happen?
• What happened to Robespierre?
• What do you feel about the revolution?
• Did it accomplish what it set out to do?
• What are the effects?

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Napoleons Reign1799-1821

• Fate - Destiny?
• A young Napoleon catches a break.
• Leads coup d etat of the Directory
• Organizes new government and is declared Emperor
  of the French.
• People support Napoleon because they wanted
  stability

Notice the difference in pictures?
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Napoleons Reign cont

• Achievements
• Helped the French Economy immensely
• Education
• Established a government-supervised public school
  system
• Napoleonic Code
• A legal code that made laws uniform across the
  nation and eliminated many injustices.
• However Freedom of many individual liberties
  were censored, code only applied to males,
  husbands had authority over wives
• Some historians refer to this period as the Age
  of Napoleon

• The Napoleonic Wars
• The only nations that managed to remain free from
  Napoleon were
• Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman
  Empire, and Russia
• In many of the nations he conquered, he put his
  relatives in power.

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To Meet Ones Waterloo

• Napoleons Fall
• The Russian Campaign will be the biggest reason
  for the downfall
• The Campaign to Moscow
• The Russian Winter and the forced retreat
• The 1st banishment to Elba
• The Hundred Days (His return)
• The Battle of Waterloo
• Overwhelming odds against the British and
  Prussian allies
• The 2nd Banishment to St. Helena (remote volcanic
  S. Atlantic Island)
• Served 6 years and died by the age of 51
• Some believe he may have been murdered

Between a battle lost and a battle won, the
distance is immense and there stand empires
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This is the tomb of Napoléon Bonaparte, under the
Dôme des Invalides. Napoléon is in the big red
sarcophagus it is big because it contains six
other coffins, one inside the other. The standard
joke is that this was done to keep Napoléon from
getting back out.
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Latin American Revolution
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Latin American Revs

• Toussaint L Ouverture
• Self educated slave he leads a revolt against the
  French
• Haitian slaves win independence (1798)

The Liberator

• Simon Bolivar
• Led resistance movements against the Spanish
  (1810)
• Successful campaigns won independence for several
  Latin American countries.
• Known as The Liberator
• Despite success, the revolution failed to create
  a united Latin American state (Like U.S.)

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Revolutions

• Economics, Technology, and Social

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Agrarian Revolution To Industrial Revolution

• Usage of animal fertilizers
• Ways to improve food production
• Seed drilling
• These lead to
• Population Explosion
• People eat better
• Women give birth to healthier babies
• Better medical care
• Leads to longer life span
• More people leads to more demand for goods
• More demand means people needed to produce the
  goods faster
• Thus we have the industrial revolution

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Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution

• Revolution?
• A change from the current way of doing something
  to a completely new system
• Industry?
• Mass production and sale of goods.

• Industrial Revolution?
• The means of production shifted from standard
  hand tools and human and animal power to complex
  machines and steam power
• When? Where? Why?
• When 1750
• Where Britain
• Why Agrarian Revolution

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• Agrarian Revolution
• More people living longer demanded more food
  which bettered techniques
• Could feed more people at lower prices with less
  labor

• More People Means
• More clothing needed
• More Labor
• Changes in Textile Production
• Cottage Industry
• Couldnt keep up with growing demand
• A New Method Needed

• Textile Production
• Inventions -
• Flying Shuttle made weaving faster Created
  Shortages of yarn
• Spinning jenny allowed faster yarn production
  Weaving now slower than yarn production
• New loom powered by water caught up to yarn
  production
• Textile mills had to be set up along rivers
• More efficient to bring labor to a factory on a
  river
• New towns located around factories

CONNECTION!

• In 1840, where do you think the main source of
  cotton imported to Britain was from?
• United States
• How was it being produced?
• -Plantations with slave labor
• To be continued

• Impact
• 1760 Imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton
• 1787 22 million pounds of cotton
• 1840 366 million pounds of cotton
• Economic Lowers the cost of clothing

• Steam Engine
• Rotary engine that could turn machinery
• More powerful
• No location limitations

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Other Industries

• Steam Engine powered by coal
• Increase in Coal Mining
• New processes using coal aids Iron Industry
• Henry Cort Puddling
• Coal Product burned away impurities in Iron
• Stronger and more durable
• Iron Industry Boom
• 1740 17,000 Tons of Iron
• 1852 3 million tons (more than the rest of the
  world combined)
• New iron used to build new industries and
  equipment
• Steamboats
• Railroads
• Transported Coal and Iron
• Increased production in those industries
• Building railroads created new jobs
• Transport of people from country to cities built
  around factories
• Less Expensive transportation lower priced
  goods
• Less expensive goods more people can buy them
• More sales more factories and machinery

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Effects of The Industrial Revolution
CONNECTION!

• Expansion
• First around Europe
• U.S. in 1800s
• 1800 6 out of 7 were farmers
• 1860 50 were farmers
• Prominent in the North
• Urbanization
• Movement from the country (rural) to cities
  (urban)
• Transportation
• Jobs
• Higher Standard of Living
• Factories had many workers
• Constant source of income
• Lower Prices More Money More purchasing
• Factory workers constituted the new Middle Class

• Why would the Southern states not embrace the
  industrial revolution?
• Cotton Sales were running economy
• Civil War Differences
• -North had a huge advantage in supplies and
  railroads

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Social Changes

• New Social Roles
• Children
• Had worked on farm, worked in factories
• Worse working conditions
• Sat in one chair for up to 12 hours
• Those that disobeyed rules were often beaten
• Women
• 80 of textile industry workers
• Family
• Worked together in cottage industry
• Continued to do so in factories
• Who Cares?!
• Global Economy

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• What is it? The means of production of goods
  shifted from standard hand tools to complex
  machines and from human and animal power to steam
  power.
• Steam Engines powered by?
• When did it begin in the world?
• It began around 1750 in Britain, but would spread
  throughout Europe.
• When did it reach the U.S.? By the end of the
  19th century.
• Causes of the I.R.
• Agrarian Revolution (2 slides ago) leads to a
  need to produce goods faster
• Geography (Globalization)
• Effects of the I.R.
• Factory system leads to mass production.
• Growing middle class
• Urbanization
• Working conditions Child labor
• Changing social roles
• Rising standards of living improved
  transportation
• Global Impact of the I.R.
• Why does it matter today? Movement towards a
  global economy