the structure and function of macromolecules

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the structure and function of macromolecules
part i
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macromolecules

• carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic
  acids

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polymers

• carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic
  acids

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what is a polymer?poly many, meris part

• a chain-like molecule made up of repeating parts
• each link in the chain is called a monomer

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A dehydration reaction removes a water molecule,
forming a new bond
A hydrolysis reaction adds a water molecule,
breaking a bond
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i. lipids

• are not polymers
• have little to no affinity for water
• three most biologically important kinds are
  fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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i. lipids fats

• energy storage
• cushion
• insulation

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i. lipids fats
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i. lipids fats
ester linkage

• composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• also called triglycerides

glycerol fatty acid chain
fat molecule
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i. lipids fats
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i. lipids fats
At room temperature, the molecules of a saturated
fat are packed closely, forming a solid.
At room temperature, the molecules of an
unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely
enough to solidify (kinks).
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i. lipids phospholipids

• 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

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i. lipids steroids

• carbon skeleton consists of 4 rings

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i. lipids steroids
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i. lipids steroids

• corticosteroids
• sex steroids
• anabolic steroids

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ii. carbohydrates

• used as cellular fuel
• used for structure and support
• monomer monosaccharide
• polymer polysaccharide

• monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic
  linkages.

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ii. carbohydrates

• monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• fuel for cellular processes
• synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids

glucose is the most common monosaccharide
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ii. carbohydrates
disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides
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what kind of reaction creates disaccharides from
monosaccharides?

• hydrolysis reaction
• covalent reaction
• dehydration reaction

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what kind of reaction creates disaccharides from
monosaccharides?

• C) dehydration reaction

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after you drink a class of milk, how does your
body digest lactose (glucose galactose)?

• hydrolysis reactions
• covalent reactions
• dehydration reactions

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after you drink a class of milk, how does your
body digest lactose (glucose galactose)?

• hydrolysis reactions

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ii. carbohydrates

• polysaccharides
• energy storage

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II. carbohydrates

• polysaccharides
• building material for structure

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II. carbohydrates

• polysaccharides
• building material for structure

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discussion question

• one gram of fat stores twice as much energy as
  one gram of carboyhydrates.
• why do animals primarily use fats to store energy
  instead of polysaccharides like plants do?

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iii. proteins
amino acids
polypeptide
protein
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iii. proteins

• function depends on conformation
• support
• transport
• coordination of activities
• response to stimuli
• movement
• protection

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amino acids monomers of proteins
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polypeptidesamino acids connected by peptide
bonds
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iii. proteins
primary structure amino acids
beads polypeptide necklace
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iii. proteins
secondary structure results from interactions
between carboxyl and amino groups
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iii. proteins
tertiary structure results from interactions
between side chains (R-groups)
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iii. proteins

• quaternary structure
• peptides yarn
• protein sweater

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iv. nucleic acids
nucleotides
nucleic acid/polynucleotide
two kinds DNA and RNA
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iv. nucleic acids
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iv. nucleic acids
nucleotides
nucleic acid/polynucleotide
RNA DNA
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Check yourself

• Which of the 4 macromolecules is not composed of
  polymers?
• What is the difference between a polypeptide and
  a protein?
• Which type of macromolecule conveys information
  to the cell?

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Check yourself

• Which of the 4 macromolecules is not composed of
  polymers?

lipids
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Check yourself

• What is the difference between a polypeptide and
  a protein?

A polypeptide is a string of amino acids while a
protein consists of more than one polypeptide.
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Check yourself

• Which type of macromolecule conveys information
  to the cell?

Nucleic acid/polynucleotide
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protein synthesis
2 different chemical languages!
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protein synthesis

• transcription DNA is turned into mRNA

DNA
RNA
polypeptide
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protein synthesis

• translation cell translates mRNA to protein

DNA
RNA
polypeptide
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i. transcription

• DNA separates so that one template strand is
  transcribed to messenger RNA.
• Occurs in the nucleus.
• mRNA travels to ribosome
• DNA 3 ACC 5 provides a template for 5' UGG 3'
  mRNA

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mRNA base triplets codons
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ii. translation

• RNA is read from 5 to 3
• Each codon specifies an amino acid
• Occurs outside of the nucleus

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redundancy in the code helps to mask the bad
effects of mutation
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check yourself

• What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
• Where does tRNA get amino acids to bring to the
  ribosome?
• Why do multiple codons exist for the same amino
  acid?

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check yourself

• What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

U replaces T
Consists of 1 polynucleotide instead of 2 Its
sugar is ribose
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check yourself

• Where does tRNA get amino acids to bring to the
  ribosome?

There is a pool of amino acids in the cell
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check yourself

• Why do multiple codons exist for the same amino
  acid?

If there is a mutation then it may not change
the amino acid produced.
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group activity

• 4 people assemble 3 to 5 DNA strand
• 4 people assemble antiparallel 5 to 3 mRNA
  strand
• 4 people act as tRNA and attach to appropriate
  amino acid
• 4 people act as amino acids, attach to tRNA and
  go to the ribosome
• I will write the polypeptide on the board