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Torun
Krzysztof Hudaszek Jakub Mozgawa
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Torun, for hundreds of years was known as "the
Queen of the Vistula" or "the inland port of the
Polish Baltic areas". Of the venerable cities
situated on the Vistula, Torun's history, and
particularly that of the Old Town, has proved
particularly closely intertwined with the river.
Around 1236, the settlement was moved to a new
site within the boundaries of today's Old Town.
At first it only occupied about half its later
area forming a rectangle whose longer side ran
along the Vistula. Several streets were laid out
at that time Sw. Ducha St., Zeglarska St.,
Lazienna St., Mostowa each more than 10 meters
wide and leading to the river. Soon afterwards,
presumably in the 1240s, the Knights' castle was
also relocated to the vicinity of the newly moved
town, near the town's eastern border on the site
of an abandoned Slavonic settlement.
The Town Hall
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The location of Torun on a major water route and
at a convenient crossing place was one of the
most significant factors contributing to the
town's growth. In addition to profits from
fishing and the use of its lands, forests, and
pastures, from various crafts, including brewing,
paper making, pottery, and the manufacture of
metal objects, trade also played an important
role in bringing wealth to the town and its
residents. Their opulence was reflected in the
rich output of outstanding artists and house
builders.
The deed of location granted Torun some 3,000 ha
of land. The land brought in handsome profits and
enabled the town to erect and maintain many
municipal buildings. Around the mid-13th century,
the process of replacing the wooden-and-earthen
fortifications around the Old Town with a system
of brick walls, gates, and towers was initiated.
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The town's market place was initially located in
Zeglarska St., which was approximately 19 metres
wide. The construction of the brick, Cathedral of
Ss. John the Evangelist and John the Baptist,
started around 1260. It was extended in the
following centuries and achieved its final
magnificent form, dominating today's panorama, in
the last quarter of the 15th century. Probably
around the middle of the 13th century, at 
Zeglarska St., the "Social House" was erected. It
was built of brick in the form of a "housing
tower". Its facade was decorated with stone
stripes and green-glazed bricks, and finished off
with attractive crenels. The edifice belonged to
the Brotherhood of St. George, an association of
the town's merchant elite. Its aim was "to
promote sociability, piety and social action". In
1313, the function of the building was taken over
by an edifice, later called "Artus' Hall",
erected in the Old Town Market Square. It was the
meeting place for Torun's patriciate and the
scene of many historic events, e.g. the signing
of the second Torun peace agreement. In 1264, the
settlement was granted city statutes and thus
formed a separate administrative unit called the
New Town, with its own council and court. When
deciding on the layout of the town, the Old Town
councilors took great care not to grant it direct
access to the Vistula, thus ensuring that it
could not participate in international trade.
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The New Town was separated from the Old, by a
double line of defensive walls with gates,
towers, and a moat. In the parts bordering the
suburbs, the settlement was protected in the same
manner. The town's spatial layout was similar to
the Old Town, with a vast town square in its
centre, where a brick town hall was built already
at the beginning of the 14th century. In the
south-east corner of the New Town the parish
church of St. James was erected. The foundation
stone was laid by Herman, the Chemo bishop, in
1309, and works were completed in 1350. Five
years earlier patronage over it had been given to
the nuns from a Torun nunnery, which initially
followed the Cistercian and then the Benedictine
rule. The second partition of Poland in 1793 was
a severe shock to Torun, as well as to the whole
country. 
Church of St. James
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The entire 19th century is characterized by deep
transformations of Torun. The city found itself
near the Russo-Prussian border. The former trade
routes lost all their significance. Of prime
importance now was the city's strategic role as a
major fortress and garrison. This determined the
course of changes that Torun underwent, during
the 19th century. Even the construction of a
railway station in 1862, and then a railway
junction, was dictated by military
considerations. In the 19th century, for
military reasons, the Churches of St. George and
St. Laurence situated outside the city walls were
pulled down. Earlier, during the Swedish wars in
the middle of the 17th century another medieval
church, that of the Holy Ghost, situated outside
the Old Town walls on the Vistula bank and a
Benedictine convent connected with it were also
demolished.
19th century postcards
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Torun returned to Poland in 1920. After long
battles in Pomerania, against the Prussian troops
organized and supported by the local Junkers, the
red-and-white Polish flag was flown on the Old
Town Hall in January and an activist of the Torun
Scientific Society, Dr Otto Steinborn, was
appointed the town's commissioner-mayor. The city
became the seat of the Pomeranian voivodship,
Pomeranian District of Polish State Railways,
headquarters of the VIII Military District, and
numerous other institutions. 1923 saw the opening
of the municipal library and a Polish Radio
Broadcasting Station was built in 1933.
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7 September 1939, when the German army marched
into Torun, marked the beginning of an era of
terror and extermination of the Polish
population. Not only were people, mostly the
intelligentsia, ordered to leave the city, but
also on the basis of the previously drawn up
lists, the Nazis arrested and executed several
thousand of the most active participants of the
political, social, and cultural life of Torun and
its vicinity. The place of their martyrdom was
the woods in the nearby Barbarka and the Fort VII
moat. Torun was incorporated into the Third Reich
and, consequently, all forms of Polish cultural
life were prohibited. Public use of the Polish
language was a crime punishable by concentration
camp. The city was populated with German families
sent from the Reich. Despite very difficult
conditions the local Poles took to the
underground, mainly within the organizational
structures of ZWZ AK and Gryf Pomorski. In
accordance with Hitler's order, Torun was
prepared for a long-term defence. Luckily for the
city, there was no direct fighting within its
area. During the night of 31 January 1945, a
German commander led the twenty-thousand-strong
garrison out of Torun, believing that they would
be able to break through to Grudziadz, already
besieged by Soviet troops. As a result, the
monumental complex did not suffer any damage in
the course of liberation.
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Nicolaus Copernicus (February 19, 1473 May 24,
1543) was the astronomer who formulated the first
modern heliocentric theory of the solar system.
His epochal text, De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres), is often conceived as the starting
point of modern astronomy, as well as a central
and defining epiphany in the history of all
science.
His house
momunent in Torun
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Gothic
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Gothic
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The most famous product of Torun is the
gingerbread. The tradition of the baking of these
aromatic cookies in the town of Copernicus is
almost as long as the history of Torun. One says
that no visitor to our city can leave Torun
without gingerbread.
The products used for the Torun gingerbread are
top quality flour, oriental spicy flavouring, and
honey that is exceptional in taste, and in which
abound only the forests and fields around Torun
that are situated on the Vistula river.In the
past the beautiful, old Hanseatic Torun was
located at the crossing of the most important
European trade routes. Therefore, there were no
problems with transporting from the Levant
countries some of the ingredients indispensable
for the baking of gingerbread ginger, cloves,
cinnamon, cardamom, nutmeg, etc.
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On the 4th of December, 1997, during the 21st
plenary session of the Committee of the World
Heritage UNESCO in Naples, the Old Town Complex
of Torun was inscribed on the List of the UNESCO
World Cultural and National Heritage.