TCPIP Suite:

1
TCP/IP Suite

• A collection of Applications and Protocols named
  after TCP/IP

2
TCP/IP Suite

• Application Examples
• FTP
• TFTP
• DHCP
• BOOTP
• SMTP
• SNMP
• Telnet
• DNS

• Protocol Examples
• TCP
• IP
• ARP
• UDP
• ICMP

3
FTP

• A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP
  network
• Allows for Login-security
• Directories.

4
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol

• A simple version of the TCP/IP FTP protocol.
• Used to copy simple operating systems and
  configuration files to devices such as switches
  and routers.
• No directory or password capability.

5
DHCPDynamic Host Configuration Protocol

• DHCP is a dynamic method to assign IP addresses
  and other communications information.

6
DHCP Operation

• DHCP request transmitted by host.
• DHCP servers receive the request and transmit
  acknowledgment.
• The first DHCP response received by the host is
  accepted, and the host transmits its acceptance
  to the other DHCP servers which decline their
  offer.
• DHCP servers can "lease" or assign temporarily IP
  Addresses as well as gateway, subnet, and DNS
  information.

7
BOOTPBOOTstrap Protocol

• A TCP/IP protocol used by a diskless workstation
  or network computer (NC) to obtain its IP address
  and other network information such as server
  address and default gateway.
• Upon startup, the client station sends out a
  BOOTP request in a UDP packet to the BOOTP
  server, which returns the required information.

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8
SMTPSimple Mail Transfer Protocol

• The standard e-mail protocol on the Internet.
• A TCP/IP protocol that defines the message format
  and the message transfer agent which stores and
  forwards the mail.
• SMTP servers route SMTP messages throughout the
  Internet to a mail server, such as POP3 or IMAP4,
  which provides a message store for incoming mail.

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9
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

• A widely-used network monitoring and control
  protocol.
• SNMP is a system which allows for the exchange of
  information which allows a Network Management
  Console to obtain information (System/Network)
  from a remote device.

10
Telnet

• A terminal emulation protocol commonly used on
  the Internet and TCP/IP-based networks. It allows
  a user at a terminal or computer to log onto a
  remote device and run a program. Telnet was
  originally developed for ARPAnet and is an
  inherent part of the TCP/IP communications
  protocol.

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11
Data Transport

• Some data must arrive safely - and be
  acknowledged.
• Some data does not need to be immediately
  acknowledged.

12
Domain Name System (DNS)

• Resolves resource names to IP addressees.
• DNS clients are known as resolvers
• Root Domains
• Top Level Domains
• Second Level Domains

13
Authoritative DNS Servers

• Authoritative Domain Name Server- The DNS Server
  which is responsible for resolving DNS queries
  for a particular network.
• Primary Domain Name Server- The Name server for a
  network or zone.

14
Types of DNS Queries

• Recursive Queries- Query between a DNS client and
  a DNS server. Request is made to the server for
  the information (IP address) or an error message.
  The server can not forward the request to another
  server.
• Iterative Queries- Occurs between name servers
  attempting to resolve a recursive query. A DNS
  server will respond with its best guess,
  typically the name of another server.
• Inverse Queries- A resolver sends a query to the
  local DNS for the name of a known IP address.
• Reverse lookup. Inverse requests are sent to the
  root domain (in-addr.arpa) where a list of all IP
  address entries by domain is kept.

15
ICMPInternet Control Message Protocol

• A TCP/IP protocol used to send error and control
  messages. For example, a router uses ICMP to
  notify the sender that its destination node is
  not available. A ping utility sends ICMP echo
  requests to verify the existence of an IP address.

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16
ARPAddress Resolution Protocol

• TCP/IP Utility which uses broadcasts to locate
  and resolve logical names and addresses with
  hardware (MAC) addresses within a sub-network.
• ARP uses a stations IP address to find its
  hardware address.
• Translation occurs only with outgoing packets.
• Results from a successful ARP broadcast are
  stored in an ARP table or cache on the host.

17
TCP vs. UDP

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
• TCPs basic role is providing reliable end-to-end
  data transfer between two processes
• Connection oriented OSI Layer 5
• Interfaces with a TCP Port on one side and IP on
  the other.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• Connectionless OSI Layer 5
• Interface with UDP Port on one side and IP on the
  other.

18
IP(Internet Protocol)

• The IP part of the TCP/IP communications
  protocol.
• IP implements the network layer (layer 3) of the
  protocol, which contains a network address and is
  used to route a message to a different network or
  subnetwork.
• IP accepts "packets" from the layer 4 transport
  protocol (TCP or UDP), adds its own header to it
  and delivers a "datagram" to the layer 2 data
  link protocol.
• It may also break the packet into fragments to
  support the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of
  the network.

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19
IP(Internet Protocol)

• IP is responsible for delivering datagrams to
  hosts.
• IP is responsible for routing of datagrams to the
  appropriate network.
• IP is unreliable. Hosts do not establish a formal
  dialog. Reliability is the responsibility of
  higher protocols. Information is added to a
  packet in the form of an IP header. When this
  data is added the packet is known as a datagram.
• The IP Header includes such information as
  Length, Time to Live, Source Address, and
  destination address.

20
IP Addressing and Management

• InterNIC - Domain Name Registration
• IANA Internet Assigned Number Authority
• The Internet Assigned Number Authority handles
  the assignment of IP addresses, as well as
  keeping track of common port numbers. Host IP
  addresses are assigned by the network
  administrator, either through static (manual
  entry) or Dynamic (Dynamic Entry).

21
IPv4

• Ipv4 uses 32 bit unique addresses displayed in 4
  part (field, byte) dotted decimal notation.
• Ie 137.150.64.1

22
Binary Conversion

• 8 bits to a byte
• 11111111
• High order bits are on the left, low order bits
  on the right.
• 1286432168421
• 127 1248163264 or 01111111

23
Classes of networks

• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D

24
Binary Conversion Dotted Decimal Notation

• Class A High Order Bit 0
• Class B High Order Bits 10
• Class C High Order Bits 11
• Class D High Order Bits 1110
• Class E High Order Bits 11110

25
Class A

• Up to 126 Class A addresses with up to 16,777,216
  hosts.
• 0 and 127 are reserved. Class A networks use the
  first field for the Network addresses and the
  remaining 3 field for host addresses.
• The high order bit must be set to 0 on a class A
  network.
• 1-126.xxx.xxx.xxx

26
Class B

• up to 16,384 Class B addresses, each with 65,000
  addresses.
• Class B Networks use the first two fields for the
  network address, and the second two fields for
  the host address.
• The first two bits of a class B network must be
  set to 1 and 0.
• 128-191.xxx.xxx.xxx

27
Class C

• Up to 2,097,152 class C networks with 254
  addresses each
• (0 and 255 are reserved)
• The first two high order bits must be 1 1.
• 192-254.xxx.xxx.xxx

28
Class D E

• Class D- used for multicasting High Order bits
  set to 1110 224.0.0.0-239.xxx.xxx.xxx Class D
  addresses can not be assigned to hosts.
• Class E- experimental High order bits set to
  11110 240-247.xxx.xxx.xxx Class E addresses can
  not be assigned to hosts