Images of the Korean Civil War

1
Images of the Korean Civil War
2
What you see in movies
3
What happens on the ground
4
What you see in movies
5
What happens to people
6
What you see in movies
7
What happens to people
8
What you see in movies
9
What happens to people
10
What you were shown
11
What you did not see
12
What you did not see
13
What you never see
14
What you never heard about
15
An American War Hero
16
What he did to Korean people
17
How Korean children suffered
18
What the US government said
19
What the US government did
Lt. General Shiro Ishii (1892-1959) Head of Unit
731, the factory of death, during WWII. In
1948, US government provided him with immunity
from war crimes in exchange for his research and
experiments on live human subjects - including
biological warfare, vivisections on living human
beings, climate change experiments, and
injections of chemicals. His research was very
similar to that of Dr. Mengele in Nazi Germany
and thousands died from it.
20
What Americans remember
Witness, through graphic first hand records of
daring photographers, the extent to which the
United States was willing to go to safeguard
democracy in Korea during the historic Korean War
in the 1950s.
21
What Americans remember
"OUR NATION HONORS HER SONS AND DAUGHTERS WHO
ANSWERED THE CALL TO DEFEND A COUNTRY THEY NEVER
KNEW AND A PEOPLE THEY NEVER MET. From the
Korean War Memorial http//www.nps.gov/kwvm/memori
al/memorial.htm
22
How others remember the war
The US way of Death a cartoon by Chow Lu-shih
from the Peoples Daily. China, April 16, 1952
23
Book cover
24
So Far from the Bamboo Grove Background

• This novel claimed to be based on true personal
  story and historical facts.
• This riveting novel, based on the author's own
  experiences, describes a Japanese family forced
  to flee their home in Korea at the end of WW II.
  Ages 10-up.(Publishers Weekly)
• Written by Yoko Kawashima Watkins, a daughter of
  a war criminal (Father was a high ranking gov
  official in Manchuria suspected to have served
  at Unit 731, which was responsible for live human
  experiments and biological weapons development
  served six year in Siberia after WWII).
• Currently being used at many middle schools
  throughout the US as a (middle school English)
  textbook.

25
So Far from the Bamboo Groves Background
Images of Unit 731 Factory of Death
26
Why this book should not be used as a school
textbook

• Purposeful distortion of history
• Racist portrayal of KoreansRaping Japanese girls
  etc.
• Japan described as a guiltless victim
• Justified Japans colonial aggression toward
  Korea. Denied atrocities committed toward Koreans
  by the Japanese.
• Incorrect geographical, historical, cultural
  accounts
• E.g. No bamboo groves in North Korea.
• No American bombing of Korea during WWII.
• Japanese military retreated without incidents
  well before Russian/US military arrived.
• Very little retaliation from Koreans. Very
  little physical violence toward the retreating
  Japanese.

27
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity

• Post-civil war Korea

Syngman Rhee, 1950
Syngman Rhee, 1953
28
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity

• In 1960, South Koreas economy was a disaster and
  going nowhere fast.
• By 1970, South Koreas economy was one of the
  fastest growing in the world and it was in the
  midst of what was termed a miracle.
• How was it possible for the same people, with the
  same culture, the same heritage, and the same
  physical resources to have an economic failure in
  1960, but an economic success by 1970?
• The answer is simple - after 1960, South Korea
  had a developmental state that pushed and pulled
  the country into industrialization.

29
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
30
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
31
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
32
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity

• South Korean economy was lead by giant,
  family-owned, conglomerates called jaebeol. (??)
• Today, the leading jaebols are Samsung, Hyundai,
  LG, SK.
• Samsung - 89.1 billion
• Hyundai - 57.2 billion
• LG - - 50.4 billion
• SK - - 46.4 billion
• For comparison
• Peru GNP 73 billion
• Ukraine GNP 71 billion
• Kuwait GNP 59 billion
• Vietnam GNP 52 billion
• Luxenbourg GNP 30 billion

33
South Korea Politics, culture, modernity

• Today, South Korea has the 11th largest economy
  in the world.
• It is 1st in the world in shipbuilding in
  tonnage.
• 3rd most broadband users among OECD countries.
• Among global leaders in cell phones and
  electronics.
• Korean films and TV dramas are extremely popular
  in most parts of Asia.

34
DPRK

• The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
• (Aka North Korea, the country Americans love to
  hate.)

35
Fun Facts

• Chief of State is Kim Jongil since July, 1994.
• Capital city is Pyongyang.
• Population 23,113,000 in 2006.
• Area 74,819 square miles. (Slightly smaller
  than Mississippi.) GDP purchasing power 40
  billion (est).
• GDP per capita 1,800.
• GDP by sector
• Agriculture 30
• Industry 34
• Service 36 (2002)
• Education and medical care are free in DPRK.
• Women get 150 days paid maternity leave, child
  care is free.
• Literacy rate is 99 for both men and women.
• Equal wages for men women.

36
Fun Facts

• DPRK military budget 5.5 billion, 25th in
  world, 1 of total global military spending.
• S. Korea military budget 20.7 billion, 10th in
  the world, 2 of total global military spending.
• USA military budget 420.7 billion, 1st in
  world, 43 of total global military spending.
  (This does not include spending on Iraq,
  Afghanistan, or nuclear weapons.)
• DPRK military spending is 1.3 that of the USA.
• US has 37,000 troops next to DPRK.
• DPRK has 0 troops next to USA.

37
Fun Facts

• The US military budget was almost 29 times as
  large as the combined spending of the six rogue
  states (Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and
  Syria) who spent 14.65 billion.

38
Origins of the DPRKOverview

• The DPRK was officially established on September
  9, 1948, but its beginnings date back to the
  early part of the the 20th century.
• From 1910 until 1945 Korea was a colony of the
  Japanese Empire. It was during this time that its
  ideological roots began.
• In 1945, Korea was divided in north south by
  foreign powers.
• From 1950 to 1953 foreign powers fought the first
  Cold War battles in Korea.
• In the minds of the DPRK, the very existence of
  their country is an act of resistance to foreign
  powers on the Korean peninsula.
• Without understanding this point of view and
  their history, you will never understand how and
  why North Koreans see themselves and the world
  the way they do.

39
DPRKIndustrialization and Juche

• During the first 25 years after the Korean Civil
  War, the DPRK had one of the fastest growing
  economies in the world.
• Until 1975, it was the 2nd most industrialized
  nation in Asia after Japan.
• Until 1978, North Koreans had the 2nd highest
  standard of living in Asia after Japan.
• During the 1960s and 1970s, it was a model of how
  to industrialize outside the capitalist model.
• A key question to ask is what happened then and
  now?
• How could a country be so right and then so wrong?

40
DPRKIndustrialization and Juche

• Industrial slowdowns began by the late
  1970s/early 1980s.
• There were three major causes for these slow
  downs and the eventual collapse of the economy in
  the late 1990s.
• (1) The inherent limits to Juche
• Ability of DPRK to domestically invent new
  technology and improvements on existing machinery
  was limited.
• DPRKs lack of active exchange programs with
  other nations limited their ability to keep
  abreast of newer innovations and technology.
• Every increasing economy and energy consumption
  pushed attempts to conserve/substitute to its
  limits.
• By the 1980s, the DPRK factories had been pushed
  to their limits and were in need of updating and
  modernization.

41
DPRKIndustrialization and Juche

• (2) 1980s, poor policy choices by DPRK leaders
  attempting to create innovative solutions in
  response to practical problems.
• Leadership watched price of oil skyrocket,
  decided to cash in on global mineral markets.
• Borrowed 2 billion dollars from foreign banks
  and Russia to finance extractive industries.
• Spend large sums on military build-up so as to
  gain independence from Chinese and Russian
  military aid.
• (3) After borrowing capital and spending on new
  machinery and military, the bottom fell out of
  mineral prices in global market. DPRK was left
  with large debts and no way to repay them.
• Foreign investors demanded DPRK cut medical
  system, educational support, welfare for people
  to repay debt.
• Following Juche ideology, the DPRK defaulted on
  loans so as to provide for the welfare of its
  people. DPRK still has external debts of roughly
  10 to 12 billion. (8 billion to Russia, which
  they have offered to forgive.)

42
DPRKIndustrialization and Juche

• In the mid-1990s, a series of natural disasters
  ruined the weakened economy and the agricultural
  base of the DPRK.
• Beginning in 1995, the DPRK suffered from the
  worst weather on the Korean peninsula in
  centuries.
• Consecutive years of flooding and droughts pushed
  a strained agricultural base to collapse.
• Already living a spartan lifestyle, North Koreans
  found themselves without adequate food and
  starvation set in for millions.
• The end result has been a near collapse of the
  economy and widespread suffering, both of which
  are not characteristic of the DPRK.

43
DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
44
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• The DPRKs Nuclear Program

45
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Many Americans are deeply concerned with DPRKs
  nuclear program.
• The DPRK nuclear weapons pose no threat to the
  US, Japan, or ROK.
• Why does the DPRK want to have them, and why does
  the US object so much when the DPRK gets them?

46
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Nuclear weapons can be ideal weapons.
• Nuclear weapons are cheap to maintain relative to
  a conventional army.
• Even a handful of them provide an excellent
  defense from invasion.
• Once a nation has nuclear weapons, no one will
  try to topple that government since a desperate
  government will use nuclear weapons to defend
  itself.

47
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Nuclear weapons do have a number of drawbacks.
• Nuclear weapons are so total in their
  destruction, that to use them may invite
  retaliation in kind from an enemy.
• Nuclear weapons offer total destruction and
  therefore do not provide nations with a wide
  range of military options.
• Once a country has nuclear weapons it may prompt
  its neighbors to try to acquire them.
• Having nuclear weapons may encourage a first
  strike mentality in your enemy.

48
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Who already has nuclear weapons?
• USA - 9,960 warheads
• Russia - 16,000 warheads
• Britain -
• France - 350 warheads
• China - 130 warheads
• Israel - 75 to 200 warheads
• India - 40 to 50 warheads
• Pakistan - 30 to 52 warheads
• DPRK - 1 to 6 warheads

49
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Myth of DPRK nuclear aggression
• The DPRK has no territorial designs on its
  neighbors China, Russia, and Japan and does not
  wish to invade the USA.
• If the DPRK sold nuclear weapons to terrorists,
  and they used them, the world would immediately
  destroy the regime. The DPRK leadership is
  anything but suicidal.
• The DPRK will not launch a nuclear attack on ROK
  unless provoked by a military attack.
• ROKs population is Korean, brethren of DPRK.
• A nuclear attack on ROK would provoke a
  counter-attack by the US, totally destroying the
  DPRK.

50
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Why does DPRK want a nuclear program and
  weapons?
• DPRK nuclear program is needed to provide much
  needed domestic energy.

51
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Why does DPRK want a nuclear program and
  weapons?
• Nuclear weapons provide DPRK with national
  security.
• They live under the threat of US nuclear weapons
  and military might each day.
• Their economy is struggling and a large army is
  costly.
• Nuclear weapons means that no one is likely to
  invade them or try for regime change.
• They are an excellent bargaining chip when
  dealing with the USA and other nations.

52
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Why is the DPRK not a threat to the US with its
  nuclear weapons?
• (1) The US has 1,000 to 10,000 times the number
  of warheads of DPRK. US retaliation means
  extinction for the DPRK.
• (2) DPRK currently lacks the technology to reduce
  its nuclear warheads down to the size necessary
  to fit on a missile.
• (3) DPRK currently lacks the missile technology
  to reach the US.
• (4) DPRK missiles are notoriously inaccurate. A
  recent missile launch aimed at the East Sea,
  missile the entire sea and flew over Japan by
  mistake.

53
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Why would the DPRK consider the US a threat to
  its security?
• (1) The Korean Civil war was expanded by the US.
• (2) America almost used nuclear weapons against
  the DPRK during the Korean Civil War.
• (3) US used nuclear weapons on Japan, even when
  it was not necessary.
• (4) Currently, the US has nuclear missiles
  targeting DPRK.
• (5) Bill Clinton almost attacked DPRK in 1994.
• (6) Bush has referred to DPRK as part of the axis
  of evil. (DPRK watched what happened to Iraq.)

54
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• US-DPRK nuclear weapons agreement in 1994.
• North Korea would freeze its existing nuclear
  program and agree to enhanced International
  Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards
• Both sides would cooperate to replace the DPRK's
  graphite-moderated reactors for related
  facilities with light-water (LWR) power plants by
  2003.
• Both countries would move toward full
  normalization of political and economic relations
  and US would guarantee non-aggression towards
  DPRK.
• Both sides will work together for peace and
  security on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula.
• DPRK would receive oil shipments until new light
  water reactors were completed.

55
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• Failure of US-DPRK 1994 nuclear weapons
  agreement.
• Light water nuclear power reactors were canceled
  in 2002. They were only 40 done making
  completion impossible by 2003 anyway.
• US included DPRK in axis of evil, a hostile act.
• US re-aimed nuclear missiles on DPRK, thereby
  violating agreement to not threaten DPRK.
• Under IAEA treaty, any non-nuclear nation that is
  threatened by a nuclear nation, has the legal
  right to build nuclear weapons for their own
  defense.

56
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• US-DPRK nuclear weapons agreement in 2007.
• North Korea would freeze its existing nuclear
  program and agree to enhanced International
  Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards
• Both sides would cooperate to replace the DPRK's
  graphite-moderated reactors for related
  facilities with light-water (LWR) power plants
  by.
• Both countries would move toward full
  normalization of political and economic relations
  and US would guarantee non-aggression towards
  DPRK.
• DPRK would receive oil shipments until new light
  water reactors were completed.
• The conditions negotiated in 2007 are virtually
  the same as those agreed upon in 1994.

57
DPRKNuclear Weapons

• DPRK negotiated with the US but refused to budge
  on its basic policy of step-by-step freeze -
  meaning it would not surrender nuclear program
  prior to commencing talks.
• Nuclear program was the one and only bargaining
  card DPRK had. To surrender to US demands that
  they dismantle the program prior to talks would
  remove its only advantage.
• DPRK negotiated a basic return to 1994 agreement.
  As long as US promises non-aggression towards
  DPRK, need for nuclear weapons largely vanishes.

58
DPRKHope for the Future

• South Koreans used to consider North Koreans as
  a sort of monstrous, inhuman being. Now, they
  consider North Koreans at worst a slightly
  naughty cousin. This is an undeniable impact of
  the Sunshine Policy. There is no going back.
• Bruce Cumings, Professor, University of Chicago
• It would be wonderful to make friends with North
  Korean kids.
• Shin Jeong-eon, South Korean 3rd grader

59
DPRKHope for the future