Title: Images of the Korean Civil War
1Images of the Korean Civil War
2What you see in movies
3What happens on the ground
4What you see in movies
5What happens to people
6What you see in movies
7What happens to people
8What you see in movies
9What happens to people
10What you were shown
11What you did not see
12What you did not see
13What you never see
14What you never heard about
15An American War Hero
16What he did to Korean people
17How Korean children suffered
18What the US government said
19What the US government did
Lt. General Shiro Ishii (1892-1959) Head of Unit
731, the factory of death, during WWII. In
1948, US government provided him with immunity
from war crimes in exchange for his research and
experiments on live human subjects - including
biological warfare, vivisections on living human
beings, climate change experiments, and
injections of chemicals. His research was very
similar to that of Dr. Mengele in Nazi Germany
and thousands died from it.
20What Americans remember
Witness, through graphic first hand records of
daring photographers, the extent to which the
United States was willing to go to safeguard
democracy in Korea during the historic Korean War
in the 1950s.
21What Americans remember
"OUR NATION HONORS HER SONS AND DAUGHTERS WHO
ANSWERED THE CALL TO DEFEND A COUNTRY THEY NEVER
KNEW AND A PEOPLE THEY NEVER MET. From the
Korean War Memorial http//www.nps.gov/kwvm/memori
al/memorial.htm
22How others remember the war
The US way of Death a cartoon by Chow Lu-shih
from the Peoples Daily. China, April 16, 1952
23Book cover
24So Far from the Bamboo Grove Background
- This novel claimed to be based on true personal
story and historical facts. - This riveting novel, based on the author's own
experiences, describes a Japanese family forced
to flee their home in Korea at the end of WW II.
Ages 10-up.(Publishers Weekly) - Written by Yoko Kawashima Watkins, a daughter of
a war criminal (Father was a high ranking gov
official in Manchuria suspected to have served
at Unit 731, which was responsible for live human
experiments and biological weapons development
served six year in Siberia after WWII). - Currently being used at many middle schools
throughout the US as a (middle school English)
textbook.
25So Far from the Bamboo Groves Background
Images of Unit 731 Factory of Death
26Why this book should not be used as a school
textbook
- Purposeful distortion of history
- Racist portrayal of KoreansRaping Japanese girls
etc. - Japan described as a guiltless victim
- Justified Japans colonial aggression toward
Korea. Denied atrocities committed toward Koreans
by the Japanese. - Incorrect geographical, historical, cultural
accounts - E.g. No bamboo groves in North Korea.
- No American bombing of Korea during WWII.
- Japanese military retreated without incidents
well before Russian/US military arrived. - Very little retaliation from Koreans. Very
little physical violence toward the retreating
Japanese.
27South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
Syngman Rhee, 1950
Syngman Rhee, 1953
28South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
- In 1960, South Koreas economy was a disaster and
going nowhere fast. - By 1970, South Koreas economy was one of the
fastest growing in the world and it was in the
midst of what was termed a miracle. - How was it possible for the same people, with the
same culture, the same heritage, and the same
physical resources to have an economic failure in
1960, but an economic success by 1970? - The answer is simple - after 1960, South Korea
had a developmental state that pushed and pulled
the country into industrialization.
29South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
30South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
31South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
32South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
- South Korean economy was lead by giant,
family-owned, conglomerates called jaebeol. (??) - Today, the leading jaebols are Samsung, Hyundai,
LG, SK. - Samsung - 89.1 billion
- Hyundai - 57.2 billion
- LG - - 50.4 billion
- SK - - 46.4 billion
- For comparison
- Peru GNP 73 billion
- Ukraine GNP 71 billion
- Kuwait GNP 59 billion
- Vietnam GNP 52 billion
- Luxenbourg GNP 30 billion
33South Korea Politics, culture, modernity
- Today, South Korea has the 11th largest economy
in the world. - It is 1st in the world in shipbuilding in
tonnage. - 3rd most broadband users among OECD countries.
- Among global leaders in cell phones and
electronics. - Korean films and TV dramas are extremely popular
in most parts of Asia.
34DPRK
- The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea.
- (Aka North Korea, the country Americans love to
hate.)
35Fun Facts
- Chief of State is Kim Jongil since July, 1994.
- Capital city is Pyongyang.
- Population 23,113,000 in 2006.
- Area 74,819 square miles. (Slightly smaller
than Mississippi.) GDP purchasing power 40
billion (est). - GDP per capita 1,800.
- GDP by sector
- Agriculture 30
- Industry 34
- Service 36 (2002)
- Education and medical care are free in DPRK.
- Women get 150 days paid maternity leave, child
care is free. - Literacy rate is 99 for both men and women.
- Equal wages for men women.
36Fun Facts
- DPRK military budget 5.5 billion, 25th in
world, 1 of total global military spending. - S. Korea military budget 20.7 billion, 10th in
the world, 2 of total global military spending. - USA military budget 420.7 billion, 1st in
world, 43 of total global military spending.
(This does not include spending on Iraq,
Afghanistan, or nuclear weapons.) - DPRK military spending is 1.3 that of the USA.
- US has 37,000 troops next to DPRK.
- DPRK has 0 troops next to USA.
37Fun Facts
- The US military budget was almost 29 times as
large as the combined spending of the six rogue
states (Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and
Syria) who spent 14.65 billion.
38Origins of the DPRKOverview
- The DPRK was officially established on September
9, 1948, but its beginnings date back to the
early part of the the 20th century. - From 1910 until 1945 Korea was a colony of the
Japanese Empire. It was during this time that its
ideological roots began. - In 1945, Korea was divided in north south by
foreign powers. - From 1950 to 1953 foreign powers fought the first
Cold War battles in Korea. - In the minds of the DPRK, the very existence of
their country is an act of resistance to foreign
powers on the Korean peninsula. - Without understanding this point of view and
their history, you will never understand how and
why North Koreans see themselves and the world
the way they do.
39DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
- During the first 25 years after the Korean Civil
War, the DPRK had one of the fastest growing
economies in the world. - Until 1975, it was the 2nd most industrialized
nation in Asia after Japan. - Until 1978, North Koreans had the 2nd highest
standard of living in Asia after Japan. - During the 1960s and 1970s, it was a model of how
to industrialize outside the capitalist model. - A key question to ask is what happened then and
now? - How could a country be so right and then so wrong?
40DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
- Industrial slowdowns began by the late
1970s/early 1980s. - There were three major causes for these slow
downs and the eventual collapse of the economy in
the late 1990s. - (1) The inherent limits to Juche
- Ability of DPRK to domestically invent new
technology and improvements on existing machinery
was limited. - DPRKs lack of active exchange programs with
other nations limited their ability to keep
abreast of newer innovations and technology. - Every increasing economy and energy consumption
pushed attempts to conserve/substitute to its
limits. - By the 1980s, the DPRK factories had been pushed
to their limits and were in need of updating and
modernization.
41DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
- (2) 1980s, poor policy choices by DPRK leaders
attempting to create innovative solutions in
response to practical problems. - Leadership watched price of oil skyrocket,
decided to cash in on global mineral markets. - Borrowed 2 billion dollars from foreign banks
and Russia to finance extractive industries. - Spend large sums on military build-up so as to
gain independence from Chinese and Russian
military aid. - (3) After borrowing capital and spending on new
machinery and military, the bottom fell out of
mineral prices in global market. DPRK was left
with large debts and no way to repay them. - Foreign investors demanded DPRK cut medical
system, educational support, welfare for people
to repay debt. - Following Juche ideology, the DPRK defaulted on
loans so as to provide for the welfare of its
people. DPRK still has external debts of roughly
10 to 12 billion. (8 billion to Russia, which
they have offered to forgive.)
42DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
- In the mid-1990s, a series of natural disasters
ruined the weakened economy and the agricultural
base of the DPRK. - Beginning in 1995, the DPRK suffered from the
worst weather on the Korean peninsula in
centuries. - Consecutive years of flooding and droughts pushed
a strained agricultural base to collapse. - Already living a spartan lifestyle, North Koreans
found themselves without adequate food and
starvation set in for millions. - The end result has been a near collapse of the
economy and widespread suffering, both of which
are not characteristic of the DPRK.
43DPRKIndustrialization and Juche
44DPRKNuclear Weapons
- The DPRKs Nuclear Program
45DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Many Americans are deeply concerned with DPRKs
nuclear program. - The DPRK nuclear weapons pose no threat to the
US, Japan, or ROK. - Why does the DPRK want to have them, and why does
the US object so much when the DPRK gets them?
46DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Nuclear weapons can be ideal weapons.
- Nuclear weapons are cheap to maintain relative to
a conventional army. - Even a handful of them provide an excellent
defense from invasion. - Once a nation has nuclear weapons, no one will
try to topple that government since a desperate
government will use nuclear weapons to defend
itself.
47DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Nuclear weapons do have a number of drawbacks.
- Nuclear weapons are so total in their
destruction, that to use them may invite
retaliation in kind from an enemy. - Nuclear weapons offer total destruction and
therefore do not provide nations with a wide
range of military options. - Once a country has nuclear weapons it may prompt
its neighbors to try to acquire them. - Having nuclear weapons may encourage a first
strike mentality in your enemy.
48DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Who already has nuclear weapons?
- USA - 9,960 warheads
- Russia - 16,000 warheads
- Britain -
- France - 350 warheads
- China - 130 warheads
- Israel - 75 to 200 warheads
- India - 40 to 50 warheads
- Pakistan - 30 to 52 warheads
- DPRK - 1 to 6 warheads
49DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Myth of DPRK nuclear aggression
- The DPRK has no territorial designs on its
neighbors China, Russia, and Japan and does not
wish to invade the USA. - If the DPRK sold nuclear weapons to terrorists,
and they used them, the world would immediately
destroy the regime. The DPRK leadership is
anything but suicidal. - The DPRK will not launch a nuclear attack on ROK
unless provoked by a military attack. - ROKs population is Korean, brethren of DPRK.
- A nuclear attack on ROK would provoke a
counter-attack by the US, totally destroying the
DPRK.
50DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Why does DPRK want a nuclear program and
weapons? - DPRK nuclear program is needed to provide much
needed domestic energy.
51DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Why does DPRK want a nuclear program and
weapons? - Nuclear weapons provide DPRK with national
security. - They live under the threat of US nuclear weapons
and military might each day. - Their economy is struggling and a large army is
costly. - Nuclear weapons means that no one is likely to
invade them or try for regime change. - They are an excellent bargaining chip when
dealing with the USA and other nations.
52DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Why is the DPRK not a threat to the US with its
nuclear weapons? - (1) The US has 1,000 to 10,000 times the number
of warheads of DPRK. US retaliation means
extinction for the DPRK. - (2) DPRK currently lacks the technology to reduce
its nuclear warheads down to the size necessary
to fit on a missile. - (3) DPRK currently lacks the missile technology
to reach the US. - (4) DPRK missiles are notoriously inaccurate. A
recent missile launch aimed at the East Sea,
missile the entire sea and flew over Japan by
mistake.
53DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Why would the DPRK consider the US a threat to
its security? - (1) The Korean Civil war was expanded by the US.
- (2) America almost used nuclear weapons against
the DPRK during the Korean Civil War. - (3) US used nuclear weapons on Japan, even when
it was not necessary. - (4) Currently, the US has nuclear missiles
targeting DPRK. - (5) Bill Clinton almost attacked DPRK in 1994.
- (6) Bush has referred to DPRK as part of the axis
of evil. (DPRK watched what happened to Iraq.)
54DPRKNuclear Weapons
- US-DPRK nuclear weapons agreement in 1994.
- North Korea would freeze its existing nuclear
program and agree to enhanced International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards -
- Both sides would cooperate to replace the DPRK's
graphite-moderated reactors for related
facilities with light-water (LWR) power plants by
2003. - Both countries would move toward full
normalization of political and economic relations
and US would guarantee non-aggression towards
DPRK. - Both sides will work together for peace and
security on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. - DPRK would receive oil shipments until new light
water reactors were completed.
55DPRKNuclear Weapons
- Failure of US-DPRK 1994 nuclear weapons
agreement. - Light water nuclear power reactors were canceled
in 2002. They were only 40 done making
completion impossible by 2003 anyway. - US included DPRK in axis of evil, a hostile act.
- US re-aimed nuclear missiles on DPRK, thereby
violating agreement to not threaten DPRK. - Under IAEA treaty, any non-nuclear nation that is
threatened by a nuclear nation, has the legal
right to build nuclear weapons for their own
defense.
56DPRKNuclear Weapons
- US-DPRK nuclear weapons agreement in 2007.
- North Korea would freeze its existing nuclear
program and agree to enhanced International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards -
- Both sides would cooperate to replace the DPRK's
graphite-moderated reactors for related
facilities with light-water (LWR) power plants
by. - Both countries would move toward full
normalization of political and economic relations
and US would guarantee non-aggression towards
DPRK. - DPRK would receive oil shipments until new light
water reactors were completed. - The conditions negotiated in 2007 are virtually
the same as those agreed upon in 1994.
57DPRKNuclear Weapons
- DPRK negotiated with the US but refused to budge
on its basic policy of step-by-step freeze -
meaning it would not surrender nuclear program
prior to commencing talks. - Nuclear program was the one and only bargaining
card DPRK had. To surrender to US demands that
they dismantle the program prior to talks would
remove its only advantage. - DPRK negotiated a basic return to 1994 agreement.
As long as US promises non-aggression towards
DPRK, need for nuclear weapons largely vanishes.
58DPRKHope for the Future
- South Koreans used to consider North Koreans as
a sort of monstrous, inhuman being. Now, they
consider North Koreans at worst a slightly
naughty cousin. This is an undeniable impact of
the Sunshine Policy. There is no going back. - Bruce Cumings, Professor, University of Chicago
- It would be wonderful to make friends with North
Korean kids. - Shin Jeong-eon, South Korean 3rd grader
59DPRKHope for the future