e ae atastase

1
?? 120

• ???????µ??e? µ??a?e? ?atastase??
• Algorithmic State Machines - ASM

2
S?ed?as? µe?a??? ??f?a??? s?st?µat??

• ? s?ed?as? s??d?ast???? ?a? a???????a???
  ?????µat?? ???eta?
• Se ep?ped? p???? ??a µ????? µe?e???? s?st?µata
  (p??a?e? a???e?a?, ?a?te? Karnaugh, ??p)
• Se ep?ped? ?p?s?st?µat?? ??a µe?a??? µe?e????
  s?st?µata (?p?s?st?µata MSI ??p)
• Ost?s? ta µe?a?a s?st?µata ??e?a???ta? p??
  ?e???e? ?a? p?? s?st?µat??e? µe??d??? s?ed?as??.
• ??a tet??a s?st?µat??? µe??d?? s?ed?as?? e?e?
  s?????? ta a??????a ?a?a?t???st??a
• S?ed?as? ap? pa?? p??? ta ?at? (top-down)
• ??a????sµ?? t?? s?st?µat?? e?e???? ap? t?
  e?e???µe?? hardware
• ??apt??? t?? ?e????? a???te?t?????? ( se ep?ped?
  ???d????? d?a??aµµat??) p??? t?? s?ed?as? t??
  ?ept?µe?e??? t?? hardware

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S?ed?as? ap? pa?? p??? ta ?at?

• ???? sp??da?a µe??d?? s?ed?as?? ?d??? ??a µe?a?a
  ?a? p???p???a s?st?µata (s?st?µata hardware,
  software, µ??a???a ??p).
• ??deta? eµfas? st?? µa???s??p??? ap???,
  a??????ta? ap? t?? a????? µ??f? t?? p??ß??µat??
  ?a? p??se??????ta? t?? ??s? t?? µe d?ad????a ???
  ?a? p?? e??ept?sµ??a ß?µata.
• ?a ß?µata µ?a? d?ad??as?a? s?ed?as?? ap? pa??
  p??? ta ?at?
• ?e?a?a?? d?at?p?s? t?? p??ß??µat?? (se
  ?e????-a??te?? ep?ped? ????? pe??tt??
  ?ept?µe?e?e?)
• ??a????sµ?? t?? p??ß??µat?? se ep?µe????
  p??ß??µata
• ?pa?a???? t?? p?? pa?? d?ad??as?a? µe???? ?t??
• ta ep?µe???? p??ß??µata e??a? a??eta µ???a ?ste
  ?a ep?????ta? aµes?? (???p???s?µa)

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S?ed?as? ap? pa?? p??? ta ?at? (2)

• ???a?e? µe t?? st???st?ef? (goal-directed) µe??d?
  s?ed?as??
• ?a?????eta? ? st????, ?a? ?at?p?? ß??s???ta?
  ep?µe???? st???? ??a t?? ep?te??? a?t?? t??
  st????.
• ?pa?a???? t?? a??te?? µe??? ?a ?ata?????µe se
  ep?µe???? st????? aµesa ep?te???µ??? .

???a???? st? ??120
???ast???a
??et?se??
Project
??as??s?
?a?? ?e????as?
???t?se??
??aßasµa
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?????µata ??e???? ?a? ?????µata ?pe?e??as?a?
?ed?µe???

• ?a ??f?a?a s?st?µata e??a? s?????? s?st?µata
  epe?e??as?a? ?????f???a?
• ?p????e???? ded?µe?a se flip-flops, ?ata????te?
  ?a? µ??µ?, ?a? ta epe?e??a???ta? ???s?µ?p????ta?
  s?s?d?ast??a ?????µata ?p?? p.?. ?????ste,
  p???ap?as?ast??, s?????t?? ??p.
• ??t? ? epe?e??as?a µp??e? ?a d?e?pe?a???eta? µesa
  ap? p???p???e? d?ad??as?e?

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?????µata ??e???? ?a? ?????µata ?pe?e??as?a?
?ed?µe??? (2)

• ??a ??f?a?? s?st?µa µp????µe ?a ?e???s??µe ?t?
  ap?te?e?ta? ap? 2 ?????? ?p?s?st?µata
• ??a ?p?s?st?µa e?e???? (??e??t?? Controller)
  ???????µ?? e?e????
• ??a ?p?s?st?µa epe?e??as?a? p????f???a?
• (?pe?e??ast?? ded?µe??? Data processor)
  ????te?t?????
  

?e??te? ?atastase??
??t??e?
?pe?e??ast?? ?ed?µe??? (Architecture)
???ada e?e???? ??e??t?? (Controller)
???te???e? ??t??e?
?ed?µe?a e?s?d??
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?????µata ??e???? ?a? ?????µata ?pe?e??as?a?
?ed?µe??? (2)

• ??a????sµ?? t?? ?e?t??????? t?? ??e??t? ap? t??
  ?e?t?????e? t?? ?pe?e??ast? ded?µe???
• ?? ?e?t?????e? e?e???? pa?a???? e?t??e? ??
  ?p??e? d??µ??????? t?? ?e?t?????e? t??
  epe?e??as?a? t?? ded?µe??? ets? ?ste ?a
  ep?te????ta? ?? ep???µ?te? e??as?e?.
• ?? ?e?t?????e? epe?e??as?a? ded?µe??? ?e??????ta?
  ta ded?µe?a s?µf??a µe t?? apa?t?se??.
• ??a µ??a???? a?a???? ?? a?t?????t?
• ?? a?t?????t? (epe?e??ast?? ded?µe???) µetafe?e?
  t??? ep?ßate? ap? e?a µe??? se e?a a???.
• ? ?d???? (e?e??t??) d??e? t?? e?t??e? st?
  a?t?????t? ??a ?a ep?te?ese? t? e??? t??

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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts)

• ??a??aµµa ???? e??a?e?? ??a pe????af? a??????µ??
  ?a? d?ad??as??? µe a???ße?a.
• ?a?????e? t?? e??as?e? p?? p?epe? ?a e?te?es????
  ?a? t?? se??a e?te?es?? t???.
• ????a s?stat??a t?? d?a??aµµat?? ????
• ???t? ?e?t?????a? ( Operation Box) ?e???aµßa?e?
  t?? e??as?e? / ?e?t?????e? p?? p?epe? ?a
  e?te?es????.
• ???t? ap?fas?? (Decision Box) e?a??a?t??e?
  e?e??e?e? t?? ?p???? ? e?te?es? e?a?tata? ap?
  ap?fase?? p?? ?aµßa???ta?
• ?e?? (Arrows) de?????? t?? p?ep??sa a???????a
  e?e??e???

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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (2)

• ?? ???t? ?e?t?????a? e??a? ?????????, ?a?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a ?a p??sd????se? µ?a ?
  pe??ss?te?e? e??as?e? p?? p?epe? ?a e?te?es????.
  ??e? t? p??? e?a s?µe?? e?s?d?? ?a? e?a s?µe??
  e??d??

???t? ?e?t?????a?
???as?a ? ?e?t?????a p??? e?te?es?
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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (3)

• ?? ???t? ap?fas?? e?e? s??µa ??µß??. ??e? e?a
  s?µe?? e?s?d?? ?a? p???ap?a aµ??ßa?a
  ap???e??µe?a s?µe?a e??d??.

???t? ap?fas??
?p?????
????? ?
????? ?
????? G
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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (4)

• ????????a?? ??? (Sequential flow) ? ap???ste???
  t?p?? a????????a? e??as???. ?? d?af??e? e??as?e?
  e?te????ta? d?ad????a ? µ?a µeta t?? a???.
• ?a?ade??µa ?ata?a??s? ?e?µat?? t???? p?at??
• ?a ???t?a s??de??ta? µeta?? t??? µe ??aµµe? p??
  fe???? ße??. ?e???e? f??e? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?a?
  ??aµµe? ????? ße??. ?? ap??s?a???? ta ße?? ?
  default d?e????s? e??a? ap? pa?? p??? ta ?at? ?a?
  ap? a??ste?a p??? ta de??a

??e?t???
????? p?at?
?p?d??p??
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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (5)

• ?pa?a???? (Iteration) ?e???e? e??as?e? ?
  ?e?t?????e? µp??e? ?a e?te????ta? epa?e???µµ??a.
• ??t? ep?t???a?eta? µe t?? a?a?????s? (loop- back)
  st? d?a??aµµa ????.
• ??a ???t? ap?fas?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? s?????? ??a
  t?? ?a????sµ? t?? s??????? pe?at?s?? t?? ß?????
  a?a?????s??

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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (6)

• ?a?ade??µa ?ata?a??s? ?e?µat?? 3 p?at?? ap?
  pe??asµe??

??e?t???
????? p?at?
???tasa??
???
?a?
?p?d??p??
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??a??aµµata ???? (Flowcharts) (7)
Flowchart ??a t?? a???a f??eµat??

• ?a d?a??aµµata ???? µp????? ?a
  ???s?µ?p??????? ??a t?? pe????af? t?? e?te?es??
  p???p????? e??as??? ?a? ap?fase??

?a??
???µa, St????
?p?de?t?
??µ???
?a?
?p???µ???
????µ?
?a???a?e???
?a?
_at__at_
G??µ? s????????
?a??
?p??????
????a ap? s?????
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??a??aµµa ???????µ???? ???a??? ?atastase?? (ASM
Algorithmic State Machine)

• ?a d?a??aµµata ASM e??a? ?????? ep?ped??
  d?a??aµµata sa? ta d?a??aµµata ???? ??a t??
  s?µß???sµ? ?a? t?? pe????af? t?? ?????µat????
  a??????µ?? sta ??f?a?a s?st?µata.
• ?? ????e? d?af??e? t??? ap? ta ????a d?a??aµµata
  ???? e??a? ?t?
• ???s?µ?p????? 3 t?p??? ???t??? t? ???t?
  ?atastas?? (?µ??? µe t? ???t? ?e?t?????a?), t?
  ???t? ap?fas?? ?a? t? ???t? ?p? s???????.
• ?e???aµßa???? a???ß? ?a? s???e???µe?? p????f???a
  ?????sµ??. ??t??eta ta d?a??aµµata ???? ep?ßa????
  µ?a s?et??? µ??? se??a ?????sµ?? t?? ?e?t???????.
• ?p? ta d?a??aµµata ASM e??a? d??at?? ?a e?a?????
  ??e? ?? p????f???e? p?? apa?t???ta? ??a t??
  s?ed?as?
• ??? s?st?µat?? e?e???? (??e??t??) ?a?
• ??? s?st?µat?? epe?e??as?a? ded?µe???
  (????te?t????? t?? ??????)

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S?stat??a µe?? t?? d?a??aµµat?? ASM

• T? ???t? ?atastas?? (State Box) e??a? ?????????.
  ??e? t? p??? e?a s?µe?? e?s?d?? ?a? e?a s?µe??
  e??d??. ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? ?a????sµ? µ?a? ?
  ?a? pe??ss?te??? e?e?t??????? p?? ?a p?epe? ?a
  e?te?es???? ta?t?????a µesa se e?a ????? ????????

?atastas?
??d???? ?atastas??
??a ? pe??ss?te?e? ?e?t?????e?
S?????? e??a? p?a?e?? ?ata????t?? ?a?
?a????sµ?? e??d?? t?p?? Moore
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S?stat??a µe?? t?? d?a??aµµat?? ASM (2)

• ?? ???t? ap?fas?? (Decision Box) e?e? s??µa
  ??µß??. ??e? e?a s?µe?? e?s?d?? a??a p???a s?µe?a
  e??d??. ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a ?a ?a????se? e?a?
  a???µ? e?a??a?t???? d?ad??µ?? st? d?a??aµµa ASM.

?a?a???te? ap?fas??
?a?a???te? ap?fas??
?etaß??te? e?s?d?? ? e?de??te? ?atastas??
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S?stat??a µe?? t?? d?a??aµµat?? ASM

• ?? ???t? ?p? s?????? (Conditional Box) e?e? s??µa
  ????????? µe st?????e?µe?e? ????e?. ???????e?
  pa?t?te e?a ???t? ap?fas?? ?a? pe???aµßa?e? µ?a ?
  pe??ss?te?e? ?e?t?????e? ?p? s?????? (conditional
  operations) ?? ?p??e? e?te????ta? ea? ? d?ad??µ?
  p?? pe???aµßa?e? t? s???e???µ??? ???t? ?p?
  s?????? ep??e??e? ap? t? ???t? ap?fas??.

?e?t?????e? ?p? s??????
S?????? e??a? p?a?e?? ?ata????t?? ?a?
?a????sµ?? e??d?? t?p?? Mealy
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??a??aµµa ASM ?s?d??aµa ?????µata
Entry

?atastas?
Entry
D Q gt Clock
???t? ?atastas??
Exit
Exit
Entry
x
Entry
0
1
???t? ap?fas??
x
Exit 0
Exit 1
Exit 1
Exit 0
Entry
0
1
x
x
Entry
???t? ?p?-s??????
Exit 0
Exit 1
Control
Exit 1
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?as??e? ?e?t?????e? st? s?st?µa epe?e??as?a?
??a?e?? ?ata????t??

• ?? ?ata????te? e??a? ßas??a st???e?a t??
  s?st?µat?? epe?e??as?a? ded?µe??? ?a?
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a t?? ap????e?s? ?a?
  epe?e??as?a t?? ded?µe???. ?a flip-flops ?a? ??
  µ??ade? µ??µ?? (s????a ?ata????t??) ?e?????ta?
  ep?s?? ?? ?ata????te?
• ?? p?a?e?? ?ata????t?? ?a???????ta? e?te sta
  ???t?a ?atastas?? e?te sta ???t?a ?p?-s???????,
  ?a? ??af??ta? µe t?? µ??f?
• ?ata????t?? p?????sµ?? ? p?a?? (a????
  ?ata????t??)
• ?p?? t? a??ste?? s?e??? p??sd?????e? e?a?
  ?ata????t? (? µe??? ?ata????t?) ?p?? ap????e?eta?
  t? ap?te?esµa t?? p?a??? p?? ????eta? st? de???
  s?e??? ep? t?? pe??e??µe??? e??? ? pe??ss?te???
  d?a?es?µ?? ?atat????t??

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?as??e? ?e?t?????e? st? s?st?µa epe?e??as?a?
??a?e?? ?ata????t??

• ??p?? ?ata????t??
• ???s??s??
• ?p????e?s??
• ?et??s??
• Flip-flops
• ??a?e?? ?ata????t??
• ???s??s?
• ????s? pe??e??µe??? ?at? 1
• ???s?es?
• ??de??sµ??
• ?etaf??a

S?µß???sµ?? p?a?e?? ??? µetaf??a ap? ? st??
? R ?0 µ?de??sµ?? t?? R F ?1 ?? ff F
???eta? set A ?A1 ????s? ?at? 1 ? ??-1
?e??s? ?at? 1 ? ??? ???s?es? t?? ?
st?? ?
22
?a?ade??µa ???s?? t?? ???t??? ASM

?1 001
A ?A1 S ?1
T1
???d?? Moore
Block ASM
?
1
0
E1
E0
???d?? Mealy
A1 R0 S1
R ?0
?2 010
T3 011
B?1
T3
T2
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S?????s? d?a??aµµat?? ?atastase?? ?a?
d?a??aµµat?? ASM

• ??a??aµµa ?atastase??
  ??a??aµµa ASM
• (t?p?? Moore)

Reset
w
1

B
z
0


A
z
0


w
0

w
0

ASM blocks
w
1

w
0


C
z
1

w
1

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S?????s? d?a??aµµat?? ?atastase?? ?a?
d?a??aµµat?? ASM (2)

• ??a??aµµa ?atastase??
  ??a??aµµa ASM
• (t?p?? Mealy)

ASM Block
Reset
w
1

z
0


w
1

z
1


w
0

z
0


A
B

w
0

z
0

25
S?????s? d?a??aµµat?? ?atastase?? ?a?
d?a??aµµat?? ASM (3)
??a??aµµa ?atastase??
??a??aµµa ASM
26
?a?ade??µa e??? d?a??aµµat?? ASM

? ? e??a? e?a? 4-bit ?ata????t??. ? ?4?3 ?2 ?1
e??a? ?? ?atastase?? t?? 4 flip-flops t??. ?a ?
?a? F e??a? ap?a flip-flops S e??a? µ?a µetaß??t?
e?s?d?? ? ?p??a s?µat?d?te? t??
e?a??? ?e?t?????a? t?? ?????µat??
27
?????sµ?? sta d?a??aµµata ASM

• ?ept?µe?e?? ?a? a???ße?? s?????e? ?????sµ??
  eµpe??e???ta? sta d?a??aµµata ASM.
• ?a?e ???t? ?atastas??, µa?? µe ta aµes?? a??????a
  ???t?a ap?fas?? ?a? ?p?-s???????, p??sd????????
  p?a?e?? ?a? ?e?t?????e? p?? ?aµßa???? ???a µesa
  se e?a? ????? ????????
• ??a ?µada ???t??? p?? ??????? ?e?t?????e? ??
  ?p??e? e?te????ta? µesa se e?a ????? ????????
  ???µa?eta? ?p??? ASM (ASM block)

28
?????sµ?? sta d?a??aµµata ASM (2)
ASM Blocks
29
?????sµ?? sta d?a??aµµata ASM (3)

• ?? d?af??e? ?e?t?????e? e??? d?a??aµµat?? ASM
  µp????? ?a d?e??????s???? µe t?? ß???e?a e???
  d?a??aµµat?? ?????sµ??
• ??? pa?a???te? p?epe? ?a ??f???? ?p???
• ?? ?e?t?????e? se e?a µp??? ASM s?µßa????? t??
  ?d?a ??????? st??µ? µesa se e?a ????? ????????
  (p.?. ?ata t?? a?e???µe?? ? t?? ?ate???µe?? a?µ?
  t?? pa?µ?? t?? ????????)
• ?? pa?aµet??? pa?? st?? ?p??e? ßas??eta? ?
  ap?fas? sta ???t?a ap?fas?? e???? t?? t?µe? p??
  ape?t?sa? st? p??????µe?? ASM block (d??ad? de?
  e?a?t??ta? ap? p?a?e?? ?a? ?e?t?????e? µesa st?
  t?e??? µp???)

30
?????sµ?? sta d?a??aµµata ASM (4)
31
?????sµ?? sta d?a??aµµata ASM (5)
32
?p? t? d?a??aµµa ASM st? ?????? ?????µa

• ?? d?a??aµµa ASM pe????afe? p????? e?a ??????
  ?????µa. ?p? t? d?a??aµµa a?t? µp????µe ?a
  pa???µe
• ?? ?????? d?a??aµµa t?? e?e??t? (controller)
  µes? t?? d?a??aµµat?? ? t?? p??a?a ?atastase??
• ??? a???te?t????? t?? epe?e??ast? ded?µe???
• ? s?ed?as? t?? e?e??t? e?a?tata? ap? t?
  pe??e??µe?? t?? ???t??? ap?fas?? ?a? ap? t??
  apa?t??µe?e? µetaßase?? ?atastas??
• ?? s?ed?ast??e? apa?t?se?? ??a t?? epe?e??ast?
  ded?µe??? µp????? ?a e?a????? ap? t?? ?e?t?????e?
  p?? ?a???????ta? sta ???t?a ?atastas?? ?a? sta
  ???t?a ?p?-s??????

33
?p? t? d?a??aµµa ASM st?? s?ed?as? t?? ??e??t?

• ??ad??as?a s?ed?as?? t?? e?e?t? (controller)
• ??µa 1? ???sd????sµ?? ?atastase?? ?a?
  ??d???p???s? t???
• ??µa 2? S?ed?as? d?a??aµµat?? ?atastase??
• ??µa 3? ?atas?e?? t?? p??a?a ?atastase?? µe t??
  ß???e?a
• ??? ???t??? ?atastas?? p?? µa? d????? t??
  ?atastase??
• ??? ???t??? ap?fas?? p?? µa? d????? t??
  µetaß??te? e?s?d??
• ??? p?a?e?? sta ???t?a ?atastas?? ?a? ?p?-s??????
  p?? µa? d????? t?? e??d???
• ??µa 4? ???sd????sµ?? e??s?se?? ?atastas??
  (e?s?d?? flip-flops) ?a? e??s?se?? e??d??.
• ??µa 5? S?ed?asµ?? ?????µat??

34
S?ed?as? t?? ??e??t? ap? t? d?a??aµµa ASM
??d???p???s? ?atastase??
??s?d?? ap? ta ???t?a ap?fas?? ???d??
pa???sa ?atastas? t?? e?e??t?


35
S?ed?as? t?? epe?e??ast? ded?µe??? ap? t?
d?a??aµµa ASM

• H s?ed?as? t?? epe?e??ast? ded?µe???
  (????te?t????? t?? ?????µat??) e??a? p?? d?s????.
• ?a? a?t? ?µ?? µp??e? ?a e?a??e? ap? t? d?a??aµµa
  ASM. ??d???te?a ?? ?e?t?????e? p?? ?a???????ta?
  st? d?a??aµµa ASM p??sd????????
• ????? ?a? p?s?? ?ata????te? p?epe? ?a
  ???s?µ?p???????
• ??? p?epe? ?a ???e? ? d?as??des? t???
• ???e? ?e?t?????e? p?epe? ?a ?p?st????????
• ??? ?a? p?te p?epe? ?a e?e???p??????? a?te? ??
  ?e?t?????e?
• Ge???e? ?d???e?
• ?a ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?p?µ??ade? ?s? t? d??at??
  ?????te??? ep?ped??
• ?a ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? ap???ste?? d??at?
  a???te?t?????

36
S?ed?as? t?? epe?e??ast? ded?µe??? ap? t?
d?a??aµµa ASM (2)

• ?? ?e?t?????e? p?? p??d?a??af??ta? st? d?a??aµµa
  ASM p?? e?eta?eta? e??a?
• ????s? ?ata 1 t?? ?ata????t?? ? (???1) st??
  ?atastas? ?1.
• ??de??sµ?? t?? ? (? ? 0) ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?0
  ?a? S 1.
• To ff ? t??eta? (??1) ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?1 ?a?
  ?2 1.
• ?? ff ? µ?de???eta? (??0) ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?1
  ?a? ?2 0
• ?? ff F t??eta? (F?1) ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?2
• ?p? t? d?a??aµµa s??a?eta? ep?s?? ?t?
• ??e?a?eta? e?a? 4-bit d?ad???? ?ata????t?? ? µe
  e?s?d??? e?e???? ??a
• ????s? ?ata 1 (increment)
• ??de??sµ? (clear)
• ??e?a???ta? d?? flip-flops E ?a? F (p.?. t?p??
  JK)

37
S?ed?as? t?? epe?e??ast? ded?µe??? ap? t?
d?a??aµµa ASM (3)
???1 ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?1 d??ad? ?11 ??0 ?a?
F? 0 ?ta? ? ?atastas? ?0, d?? ?01 ?a? S1 E?1
?ta? ? ?atastas? ?1 , d?? ?0 1 ?a? A2 1 F?1
?ta? ? ?atastas? ?2, d??. ?2 1
38
???p???s? t?? ??e??t?

• ????? ?? d?µ???????e? t? d?a??aµµa ?atastase?? ?
  e?e??t?? µp??e? ?a ???p????e? µe µ?a ap? t??
  pa?a?at? µe??d???
• 1. ??ass??? µe??d?? µe JK flip-flops
• ? s?ed?as? ???eta? se ep?ped? p????
• ?e??d?? ?ata????? ??a µ???a s?st?µata
• S???pt??? pe????af? t?? d?ad??as?a? s?ed?as??
• d?µ??????a t?? p??a?a ?atastase??, ???s?
  ?a?t?? Karnaugh ??a t?? e?a???? t?? e??s?se??
  ep?µe??? ?atastas?? ?a? t?? e??s?se?? e??d??
• 2. ???s? ?p???d???p???t? D flip-flops
• ?e??d?? ?ata????? ??a s?st?µata µet???? µe?e????
• S???pt??? pe????af? t?? d?ad??as?a? s?ed?as??
• ???s? e??? ap???d???p???t? ??a t??
  s??µat?sµ? t?? µetaß??t?? e?e???p???s?? t??
  ?atastase??, e?a???? t?? s??a?t?se?? ep?µe???
  ?atastas?? ?ate??e?a? ap? t?? p??a?a
  ?atastase??

39
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? (2)

• 3. ???s? ????p?e?t? (Multiplexer)
• ??a p?? d?µ?µe?? ?a? s?st?µat??? µe??d??
  s?ed?as??
• ?ata????? ??a s?st?µata µet???? µe?a?a
• S?ed?as? d?µ?µe?? se t??a ep?peda
• ?? p??t? ep?ped? ap?te?e?ta? ap? p???p?e?te? ??
  ?p???? ?a???????? t?? ep?µe?? ?atastas? e???
  ?ata????t?
• ?? de?te?? ep?ped? e??a? e?a? ?ata????t?? p??
  ??ata t?? pa???sa ?atastas?
• ?? t??t? ep?ped? pe???aµßa?e? e?a?
  ap???d???p???t? ? ?p???? ee?e???p??e? µ?a
  ?e????st? e??d? ??a ?a?e ?atastas? t?? e?e??t?

40
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? (3)

• 4. ???s? e??? flip-flop a?a ?atastas?
• G??st? ?a? sa? One-Hot Spot µe??d?? s???es??
  ASM
• S???pt??? pe????af? t?? d?ad??as?a? s?ed?as??
• ??a?es? e??? flip-flop a?a ?atastas?. ?p?
  t?? p??a?a ?atastase?? ?a?????eta? ? e??s?s? ?
  ?p??a ?ete? (Q1) t? ?a?e e?a flip-flop. ??epe?
  ?a ??f?e? p?????a ??a t?? ???? a?????p???s?
  (initialization) t?? e?e??t?.
• 5. ???s? PLA/ROM
• ???? s?st?µat??? µe??d?? s?ed?as??
• ? µe??d?? p?? ???s?µ?p??e? ROM ßas??eta? se µ?a
  p??? ap?? te????? µe p??a?a a?a??t?s?? (lookup
  table) a??a µe???e?te? ?? p??? t?? p??? µe?a??
  a???µ? ad?af???? ?atastase??
• ? µe??d?? p?? ???s?µ?p??e? PLA de? e?e?
  ad?af??e? ?atastase?? a??a µe???e?te? st? ?t?
  e??a? µ?a µe??d?? s?ed?as?? se ep?ped? p????
  (µ???a s?st?µata)

41
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe JK flip-flops
??a??aµµa ?atastase?? t?? e?e??t? ?p??
?p?????s???e se p??????µe?? slide ap? t?
??a??aµµa ASM
??a??aµµa d?e?e?se?? (e?s?d??) t?? JK flip-flops
JG1 G2A2A3 KG1 1 JG0 S KG0 G1
42
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe JK flip-flops (2)
G0
G0'
A2
A3
43
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ?p???d???p???t? ?a? D
flip-flops

• ?? e??s?se?? e?s?d?? t?? D flip-flops µp????? ?a
  ??f???? ?at e??e?a? ap? t?? p??a?a ?atastase??
  µe ap?? ep?s??p?s?.
• ??t? s?µßa??e? d??t?, ?ata ta ???sta ??a ta D
  flip-flops, ? ep?µe?? ?atastas? e?s?d?? t?? D
  flip-flop.
• ? ap???d???p???t?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?at?p?? ??a ?a
  pa?a?e? ta s?µata p?? a?t?st?????? st?? d?af??e?
  ?atastase??.

G1
?
D Q gt
?p???d???p???t?? 2x4
?0 ?1 a???s?µ?p. ?2
G2
?
D Q gt
Clock
44
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ?p???d???p???t? ?a? D
flip-flops (2)
?p? t?? p??a?a ?atastase?? p?? ß???aµe sta
p??????µe?a ?a? epa?a?aµßa?eta? d?p?a
?p????µe ?a ??a???µe e????a t?? e??s?se?? t??
e?s?d?? t?? D flip-flops
45
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ?p???d???p???t? ?a? D
flip-flops (3)
???s?s?? e?s?d??
?????µa
46
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe e?a D flip-flop a?a
?atastas?

• ?pa?t???ta? n flip-flops ??a ?????µa µe n
  ?atastase??. ?a?e flip-flop a?t?p??s?pe?e? µ?a
  ?atastas? ?a? ???eta? 1 ?ta? t? ?????µa e??a?
  st?? a?t?st???? ?atastas?. ?? a??e? µe??d??
  µp????? ?a pa?ast?s??? µe??? ?a? 2n ?atastase??
  µe n flip-flops.

. . .
Clock
47
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe e?a D flip-flop a?a
?atastas? (2)

• ?? e??s?se?? ep?µe??? ?atastas?? µp????? ?a
  e?a????? ?ate??e?a? ap? t?? p??a?a ?atastase??
• ?a? ?pa??e? µ??? µ?a ??aµµ? p?? e?se??eta? st?
  ???t? µ?a? ?atastas??, t?te ?
• e??s?s? e?s?d?? (s?????? µetaßas??) AND
  (p??????µe?? ?atastas?)
• ?a? ?pa????? pe??ss?te?e? ap? µ?a ??aµµe? t?te ?
• e??s?s? e?s?d?? (s?????? µetaßas??) AND
  (p??????µe?? ?atastas?) OR
  (s?????? µetaßas??) AND (p??????µe??
  ?atastas?) OR
• ().

48
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe e?a D flip-flop a?a
?atastas? (3)
???a?a? ?atastase??
?????aµµa ?atast?se??
S??a?t?se?? e?s?d?? t?? flip-flops
49
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe e?a D flip-flop a?a
?atastas? (4)
??? ?at?
fa??eta? t? ?????? d?a??aµµa t?? e?e??t?.
G?a ?a te?e? t?
?????µa st?? a????? ?atastas? p?epe? ?a
te?e? t? flip-flop t?? ?0 st? 1 ?a? ?a
µ?de??s???? ta a??a d??
50
?a?a??a?? t?? p??????µe??? ?????µat??
?a?a??a??
???s?µ?p????µe t?? e??d? Q' t?? ?0,
?a? ? s??a?t?s? e?s?d?? t?? ?0
s?µp?????eta?. ?ts?
ap??p??e?ta? ? d?ad??as?a a?????p???s??
(initialization) p?? ???eta?
µe µ?de??sµ? ???? t?? ff.
51
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te?

• ??????sµ?? t?? p???p?e?t? e??a? ?a pa?a?e? e?a
  s?µa e?s?d?? st? a?t?st???? t?? flip-flop (p??
  s??deeta? st?? e??d? t??) ?s? µe t?? t?µ? t??
  ep?µe??? ?atastas??
• ?? e?s?d?? t?? p???p?e?t?? ?a???????ta? ap? ta
  ???t?a ap?fas?? ?a? t?? µetaßase?? ?atastas??
  st? d?a??aµµa ASM

52
S?ed?as? t?? ??e??t? ap? t? d?a??aµµa ASM
??d???p???s? ?atastase??
??s?d?? ap? ta ???t?a ap?fas?? ???d??
pa???sa ?atastas? t?? e?e??t?


53
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te? (2)
???a?a? ?atastase??
??ad?ata?? t?? ???a?a ?atastase??
54
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te? (3)
?p?????sµ?? t?? e?s?d?? t?? p???p?e?t??
55
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te? (4)
?? ?????µa
?a????sµ?? t?? ep?µe??? ?p????e?s?
t?? ?atastas?? t?? ?ata????t? pa???sa?
?atastas??
56
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te? (5)??a
de?te?? pa?ade??µa
?a?ade??µa 2
57
???p???s? t?? ??e??t? µe ????p?e?te? (6)??a
de?te?? pa?ade??µa
58
???p???s? t?? e?e??t? µe ROM / PLA

• ???a?e? µe t?? µe??d? s?ed?as?? µe t?? ???s?
  ap???d???p???t?
• D flip-flops.
• H µ??? d?af??a e??e?ta? st? ?t? ? PLA a?t??a??sta
  ??s?ast??a t?? ap???d???p???t? ?a? ??e? t?? p??e?
  st?? e?s?d??? t?? flip-flops.

???te???e? e?t??e?
??t??e? st? s?st?µa epe?e??as?a?
ROM / PLA
?p?µe?? ?atastas?
?a???sa ?atastas?
?ata????t?? pa???sa? ?atastas??