electricity from wind power

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It Blows You Away
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• "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of
  the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly
  to look up to the sun and wind, down into the
  sea's waves"

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Introduction

• Energy is a major input for overall
  socio-economic development of any society
• The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing
• So renewables are expected to play a key role
• Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable
• Wind turbines are up to the task of producing
  serious amounts of electricity

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Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation
Principles
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Power vs. Velocity
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Solidity and Tip speed ratio
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Potential

• Huge potential exists
• Available potential can contribute five times the
  world energy demand
• 0.4 contribution to total energy

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Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing
energy source
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Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005
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Available potential in India
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All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004
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State wise potential in India, 2005
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Turbine Evolution
Technology

• Used for
• Pumping water
• Grinding grain

• Mainly used for
• Generating Electricity

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Types of turbines

• VAWT
• Drag is the main force
• Nacelle is placed at the bottom
• Yaw mechanism is not required
• Lower starting torque
• Difficulty in mounting the turbine
• Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

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• HAWT
• Lift is the main force
• Much lower cyclic stresses
• 95 of the existing turbines are HAWTs
• Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
• Yaw mechanism is required

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Two types of HAWT
DOWNWIND TURBINE
UPWIND TURBINE
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• Counter Rotating HAWT
• Increase the rotation speed
• Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind
  speeds
• Operates for wider range of wind speeds

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Offshore turbines

• More wind speeds
• Less noise pollution
• Less visual impact
• Difficult to install and maintain
• Energy losses due long distance transport

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A Typical HAWT
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Turbine design and construction

• Blades
• Material used
• Typical length
• Tower height
• Heights twice the blade length are found
  economical

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• Number of blades
• Three blade HAWT are most efficient
• Two blade turbines dont require a hub
• As the number increases noise, wear and cost
  increase and efficiency decreases
• Multiple blade turbines are generally used for
  water pumping purposes

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• Rotational control
• Maintenance
• Noise reduction
• Centripetal force reduction
• Mechanisms
• Stalling
• Furling

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• Yaw Mechanism
• To turn the turbine against the wind
• Yaw error and fatigue loads
• Uses electric motors and gear boxes
• Wind turbine safety
• Sensors controlling vibrations
• Over speed protection
• Aero dynamic braking
• Mechanical braking

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Improvements

• Concentrators

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Determining Factors
Economics

• Wind Speed
• Turbine design and construction
• Rated capacity of the turbine
• Exact Location
• Improvements in turbine design
• Capital

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Wind Speed Matters
Assuming the same size project, the better the
wind resource, the lower the cost.
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Size Matters
Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large
wind farm is more economical
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Overall cost distribution
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Break down of capital cost
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Energy Cost Trend
1979 40 cents/kWh
2000 4 - 6 cents/kWh

• Increased Turbine Size
• RD Advances
• Manufacturing Improvements

2004 3 4.5 cents/kWh
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Typical cost statistics

• Size 51 MW
• Wind Speed 13-18 miles/hour
• Capital cost 65 million (1300/MW)
• Annual production 150 million kW-hr
• Electricity costs 3.6-4.5 cents
• Payback period 20 years

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Economic Advantages

• Greater fuel diversity
• No delay in construction
• Low maintenance costs
• Reliable and durable equipment
• Additional income to land owners
• More jobs per unit energy produced
• No hidden costs

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So..

• Price of wind power is coming down
• There is enormous capacity
• Energy storage, however, is still a problem

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Typical Concerns

• Visual impact
• Off shore turbines
• Arrangement
• Avian concerns
• Suitable choice of site
• Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower
• Using radars

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• Noise
• Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
• Streamlining of tower and nacelle
• Acoustic insulation of nacelle
• Specially designed gear box
• Use of upwind turbines
• Reducing angle of attack
• Low tip speed ratios

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• Changes in wind patterns
• Reducing turbulence
• Intermittent
• Coupling with hydro or solar energy
• TV, microwave, radar interference
• Switching from conducting material to
  non-conducting and composite material

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Conclusion

• Wind energy is pollution free and nature friendly
• Wind energy has very good potential and it is the
  fastest growing energy source
• The future looks bright for wind energy because
  technology is becoming more advanced and
  windmills are becoming more efficient

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Any questions ????
THANK YOU