Air and Aerodynamics

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Air and Aerodynamics

• An
• ESON Presentation
• By Don Cheeseman

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Grade 6 Air Objectives 1

• Conduct tests of a model parachute design, and
  identify design changes to improve the
  effectiveness of the design.  
• Describe the design of a hot-air balloon and the
  principles by which its rising and falling are
  controlled.  

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Grade 6 Air Objectives 2

• 3. Describe and demonstrate instances in which
  air movement across a surface results in lift
  Bernoullis principle.  
• 4. Recognize that in order for devices or
  living things to fly, they must have sufficient
  lift to overcome the downward force of gravity.

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Grade 6 Air Objectives 3

• 5. Identify adaptations that enable birds and
  insects to fly. 
• 6. Describe the means of propulsion for flying
  animals and for aircraft

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Grade 6 Air Objectives 4

• 7. Recognize that streamlining reduces drag,
  and predict the effects of specific design
  changes on the drag of a model aircraft or
  aircraft components.  
• 8. Recognize that air is composed of different
  gases, and identify evidence for different gases.

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Grade 6 Air Objectives 5

• 7. Recognize that streamlining reduces drag,
  and predict the effects of specific design
  changes on the drag of a model aircraft or
  aircraft components.  
• 8. Recognize that air is composed of different
  gases, and identify evidence for different gases.
   

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Aerodynamics Objectives 1

• Conduct tests of a model parachute design, and
  identify design changes to improve the
  effectiveness of the design.  
• Describe the design of a hot-air balloon and the
  principles by which its rising and falling are
  controlled.  
• Conduct tests of glider designs and modify a
  design so that a glider will go further, stay up
  longer or fly in a desired way e.g., fly in a
  loop, turn to the right.

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Aerodynamics Objectives 2

• Recognize the importance of stability and control
  to aircraft flight and design, construct and
  test control surfaces.
• Apply appropriate vocabulary in referring to
  control surfaces and major components of an
  aircraft. This vocabulary should include wing,
  fuselage, vertical and horizontal stabilizers,
  elevators, ailerons, rudder.

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Aerodynamics Objectives 3

• Construct and test propellers and other devices
  for propelling a model aircraft.
• Describe differences in design between aircraft
  and spacecraft, and identify reasons for the
  design differences.

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Meeting Air Objectives 1

• Conduct tests of a model parachute design, and
  identify design changes to improve the
  effectiveness of the design.  
• Possible method use a plastic bag, thread and a
  paperclip.

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Possible Parachute
Plastic Bag with handles cut off
4or 6 threads
Paper clips
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Possible Parachute
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Air Objectives 1 a

• Describe the design of a hot-air balloon and the
  principles by which its rising and falling are
  controlled.
• Air must be hotter in the balloon than outside
• Hot air expands and takes more space so is
  lighter for a given volume.
• Try to use parachute as hot air balloon and heat
  with a hair drier.

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Possible hot air balloon
Plastic Bag with handles cut off
4 threads
Paper clips
Blow hot air into bag to see it rise
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Air Objectives 2

• Describe and demonstrate instances in which air
  movement across a surface results in lift
  Bernoullis principle.  
• Blow over the top of a strip of paper and it will
  rise. Bernoullis principle

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Air Objectives 2

• Recognize that in order for devices or living
  things to fly, they must have sufficient lift to
  overcome the downward force of gravity.
• Bird and bats have movable wing that change shape
  during flight to maximize efficiency.
• Some insects have very thin strong wings that
  beat very fast.
• Over 400 time a second for mosquitoes.

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Four Forces
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Air Objectives 3

• 6. Describe the means of propulsion for flying
  animals and for aircraft.
• Birds and insects flap wings and use thermal
  rising air to fly.
• Flying squirrels glide down not fly.
• Plane push air backward over fixed wing with prop
  or jet engine.

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Excess thrust
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Air Objectives 4

• Recognize that streamlining reduces drag, and
  predict the effects of specific design changes on
  the drag of a model aircraft or aircraft
  components.  
• The parts that catches on the air cause drag.
• Put hand out window of fast moving car and
  experiment with the different hand shapes.

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Excess thrust
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Air Objectives 4

• Recognize that air is composed of different
  gases, and identify evidence for different gases.
  
• Nitrogen, N2 78.08
• Oxygen, O2 20.95
• Argon, Ar 0.93
• Carbon dioxide, CO2 0.033
• Other rare gasses

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Aerodynamics Objectives 2

• Recognize the importance of stability and control
  to aircraft flight and design, construct and
  test control surfaces.
• Fly small plane in Flight Simulator

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Aerodynamics Objectives 2

• Apply appropriate vocabulary in referring to
  control surfaces and major components of an
  aircraft. This vocabulary should include wing,
  fuselage, vertical and horizontal stabilizers,
  elevators, ailerons, rudder.
• See control surfaces on planes

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Aerodynamics Objectives 3

• Construct and test propellers and other devices
  for propelling a model aircraft.
• Note thrust of propeller on model
• Max thrust is at the tip as it goes faster
• Note propeller in fans at home

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Aerodynamics Objectives 3

• Describe differences in design between aircraft
  and spacecraft, and identify reasons for the
  design differences.
• Aircraft need air to lift them and to provide
  oxygen for the engine
• Spaceships do not need air for lift or the engine
  they pushed along by the gases pushing away from
  them.

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Aerodynamics Objectives 1

• Conduct tests of a model parachute design, and
  identify design changes to improve the
  effectiveness of the design.
• Weight to drag ratio will effect descent 
• Modern parachutes are really inflatable wing and
  work much better than the old dome shaped
  parachutes.

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Aerodynamics Objectives 1

• Conduct tests of glider designs and modify a
  design so that a glider will go further, stay up
  longer or fly in a desired way e.g., fly in a
  loop, turn to the right.
• Lift to weight ratio should be high
• Sail a glider on Flight Simulator software

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Aerodynamics Objectives 2

• Recognize the importance of stability and control
  to aircraft flight and design, construct and
  test control surfaces.
• Fly small aircraft and glider in Flight Simulator

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Aerodynamics Objectives 2

• Apply appropriate vocabulary in referring to
  control surfaces and major components of an
  aircraft.
• This vocabulary should include wing, fuselage,
  vertical and horizontal stabilizers, elevators,
  ailerons, rudder.

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How does an airplane take off? 1

• When an aircraft moves into the wind, the wings
  cut the airflow in half.
• Some air travels above the wing, some air travels
  below the wing.
• Plane wings are build to be curved on top and
  flat on the bottom.

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How does an airplane take off? 2

• The wind, or air stream, flowing over the wing
  travels a different path from air traveling under
  the wing.
• This difference in the path of the wind, creates
  lower air pressure above the wing. The higher air
  pressure under the wing lifts the plane into the
  air creating lift. 

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Lift 1
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The lift equation
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Newtons third law
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How does an airplane take off? 3

• When there is enough lift to overcome gravity,
  the plane takes off. 
• All the time, the plane is being slowed down by
  having to push through the air.
• This is called drag, and the engines have to
  overcome it. 

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Lift theory
Lift theory
Lift
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How does an airplane take off? 4

• As long as the plane continues to move forward at
  a fast enough speed, the plane continues to fly.
• Planes use engines to move quickly down the
  runway to create the lift for take off.
• Helicopters rotate their wings (or blades). The
  rotating motion forces air past the wings
  creating lift.

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Lift theory
Lift theory
Lift
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Experiment with Flight

• 1. Make a Wing
• Material required
• (Paper, tape, thread, needle, and pencil)
• Cut the paper 15 cm x 5 cm
• Fold the paper 8 cm

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Experiment with Flight 2

• Roll the longer end of the paper evenly around
  the pencil to make it bulge.
• Tape the ends of the paper together so that it
  creates a wing shape (flat on the bottom, and
  curved on the top).

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Experiment with Flight 3

• Thread the needle and push the thread through the
  wing, about a third of the way back from the
  curved end. 
• Remove the needle from the thread.
• Hold both ends of the thread and blow over the
  front end of wing. 

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Experiment with Flight 4

• The air flowing over the wing, creates lower air
  pressure above the wing,
• so it rises up on the thread

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Experiment with Flight 5

• Experiment with two balls
• Material required (two ping pong balls, thread,
  tape, drinking straw)
• Cut two pieces of thread.
• Tape a piece to each ping pong ball.
• Hang them from a doorway so they are about the
  height of your mouth and the distance between the
  balls is 2 cm (or 3/4 of an inch).

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Experiment with Flight 6

• Use the straw to blow on one ball.
• The distance between the two balls increases.
• Now try aiming the air between the two balls.
• Watch what happens?
• Why?

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Air and Aerodynamics

• The end

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Extra information and resources
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Four Forces
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Excess thrust
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Lift 1
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Lift theory
Lift theory
Lift
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Factors that effect lift
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The lift equation
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Newtons third law
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Free falling Objects
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Motion Of a free falling Object
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Forces on Falling Objects
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Terminal Velocity